What is the formula for behaviorist learning theory?
Learning = stimulus (S) + response (R) connections → “S–R model.”
What are the two types of conditioning in behaviorist learning theory?
- Respondent (Classical/Pavlovian)
- Operant (Skinner)
Define respondent conditioning.
Neutral stimulus (NS) paired with unconditioned stimulus (UCS) → unconditioned response (UCR).
What happens to a neutral stimulus in respondent conditioning over time?
NS → conditioned stimulus (CS) → conditioned response (CR).
What is extinction in the context of respondent conditioning?
Response fades if CS is not paired with UCS.
What is spontaneous recovery in behaviorism?
Habits/addictions may reappear after a period of extinction.
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement after a response.
What are the types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
- Positive reinforcement
- Non-reinforcement
- Punishment
- Positive reinforcement
- Non-reinforcement
- Punishment
Rewards (praise, prizes) increase desired behavior.
What is a criticism of behaviorist learning theory?
Views learner as passive, easily manipulated → ethical concerns.
What is the focus of cognitive learning theory?
Internal mental processes (perceptions, thoughts, understanding).
What is the Gestalt perspective in cognitive learning?
The whole is greater than the sum of parts; perception is selective.
What are the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget and Vygotsky?
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
What is a key principle of social learning theory?
Learning occurs through observation of others (role models).
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Observing rewards or punishments of role models influences learning.
What is self-efficacy?
Belief in own competence; key to healthy behaviors and independence.
What is a core idea of humanistic learning theory?
Each person is unique; all individuals have a desire for positive growth.
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
- Physiological
- Safety
- Belonging/love
- Self-esteem
- Self-actualization
What role do emotions play in humanistic learning theory?
Emotions, feelings, and self-concept are central to learning.
What does the application of learning theories in healthcare emphasize?
No single theory explains all learning; each theory contributes uniquely.
What are the stages of motor learning according to Fitts & Posner?
- Cognitive Stage
- Associative Stage
- Autonomous Stage
What is the most important factor for retention in motor learning?
Practice.
What is intrinsic feedback in motor learning?
Natural sensory feedback (vision, body motion).
What is the role of mental practice in motor learning?
Can supplement or substitute physical practice.
