Week 2 Flashcards

Question

Trisomy

Answer 1

Chromosomes 13, 18, and 21 (downs syndrome) can survive, most others do not

Answer 2

Only an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell, not as severe as trisomies

Answer 3

Trisomies that occur in only some cells of the body, much less severe symptoms

Answer 4

Only one X chromosome, denoted as "karyotype 45, X," sterility, menstrual irregularity, intellectual disability, some cases no symptoms, teenagers need to receive estrogen

Answer 5

At least one Y and at least two X's, AMAB appearance, abnormalities increase with each X, disorder increases with maternal parent's age, leads to small testes, developed breasts, scarce body hair, long limbs

Answer 6

Chromosome 5 deletion - low birth rate, severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, heart defects

Answer 7

Exchange of material between chromosomes

Answer 8

Site on long arm of X chromosome with elevated number of repeated DNA sequences, associated with mental and learning challenges

Answer 9

Position of a gene along a chromosome

Answer 10

Different form of particular gene at a given locus, polymorphism (eye color, height)

Answer 11

Autosomal is first 22 chromosomes, X-linked is the 23rd chromosome

Answer 12

Produced by normal parent and affected heterozygous parent

Answer 13

Abnormal allele is recessive and person must be homozygous to express disease, trait usually appears in the children and not the parents ex: cystic fibrosis

Answer 14

AFAB: can be homozygous for the disease, homozygous for normal, or heterozygous AMAB: expresses disease if inherits X recessive gene because no normal allele is present to counteract diseased allele

Answer 15

X-linked recessive inheritance, transmitted through AFAB carriers

Answer 16

Should still be considered despite placental barrier, usually meds are postponed with exceptions of conditions like epilepsy, hypertension, gestational diabetes, infections, autoimmune

Answer 17

Absorption of drugs - hormones affect absorption, inhaled drugs are absorbed faster Distribution and Metabolism - changes in cardiac output, plasma volume, regional blood flow Excretion - rate of excretion may increase

Answer 18

causes developmental/physical delays or death Diethylstilbestrol (DES) - hormone causing vaginal carcinoma Thalidomide - shortened limbs, internal organ defects Methotrexate - CNS and limb malformations

Answer 19

Preimplantation weeks 1-2: causes death of embryo or no effect Embryonic weeks 3-10: maximum impact, reason why some meds require pregnancy test Fetal weeks 11 to 40: blood flow increases and placental membranes thin, maximizing substance transfer to fetus, major organs have already developed

Answer 20

Risk A - backed by evidence in pregnant women with no increased risk of fetal abnormalities Risk B - Animal studies reveal no harm but no studies done on women, or vice versa Risk C - Animal studies show adverse effect or no studies done to either animals or pregnant women Risk D - medications demonstrate risk to fetus, but benefits may outweigh ex: alcohol Risk X - demonstrated evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks

Answer 21

Consider time between administration and feeding, use of illicit drugs, amount of drug administered, amount reaching fetus tissue, infant's ability to metabolize drug

Answer 22

Administer after feeding, teach parent to avoid illicit drugs, alcohol, tobacco, prefer drugs with shorter half-life, avoid longer half-life, select drugs with high protein-binding ability, avoid OTC herbal and dietary supplements

Answer 23

Have child ingest all medication, nurse and parent should be aware of special procedures, IM may be route of choice

Answer 24

Teach parents about proper storage, risk of accidental ingestion, short, concise explanations, oral drugs mixed with foods, injections given at vastus lateralis

Answer 25

Can assist with medications, encourage cooperation, encourage cooperation, offer more explanation

Answer 26

Absorption: less acidic, emptying is slowed, first-pass is reduced, IM absorption is faster Distribution - low fat content, decreased protein binding, immature blood-brain barrier Metabolism - immature liver, older children have increased metabolism Excretion - slower excretion due to immature kidneys

Answer 27

West nomogram body surface area method, use kilograms and cms, or use body weight dosage calculations

Answer 28

Need support, approval, and presence, educate about substance abuse, sexual intercourse, EDs, provide important medical information, allow questions and privacy

Answer 29

Young - Should need minimal drugs, positive compliance, educate about substance abuse Middle - health changes, prescribe for stress-related, numerous life transitions, lifestyle changes could prevent needing drugs

Answer 30

Polypharmacy, more adverse drug events, reminder aids for administration may be used, maintain independence and dignity

Answer 31

Decreases gastric motility, blood flow, pH - decrease absorption

Answer 32

Increased body fat, reduced plasma, less body water, less albumin produced by liver, decreasing plasma protein-binding - increasing potential for drug-drug interaction, decreased cardiac output

Answer 33

Reduced first-pass effect, decreased liver enzymes, elevated plasma elevated, half-life of drugs increased, tissue concentrations increased

Answer 34

Reduced renal blood flow, reduced glomerular filtration rate, decreased nephron function, increased drug buildup

Answer 35

Polypharmacy, Prescribing Cascade (drugs to treat side effects of other drugs), Drug-Drug Interactions impacting effectiveness

Week 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)