Week 3

Question 1

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 1

Synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids

Question 2

Lysosomes

Answer 2

Enzymes for digestion

Question 3

Mitochondria

Answer 3

Cellular energy metabolism and ATP generation

Question 4

Passive Transport

Answer 4

High to low concentration, requires no energy, driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion

Question 5

Active Transport

Answer 5

Low to high concentration, requires energy, uses pumps, examples are endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 6

Osmolality

Answer 6

Concentration of molecules per weight of water

Question 7

Osmolarity

Answer 7

Concentration of molecules per volume of solution

Question 8

Atrophy

Answer 8

Smaller cells

Question 9

Hypertrophy

Answer 9

Bigger cells

Question 10

Hyperplasisa

Answer 10

More cells

Question 11

Metaplasia

Answer 11

Reversible cell-type switch

Question 12

Dysplasia

Answer 12

Deranged cellular growth

Question 13

Barrett’s Esophagus

Answer 13

Example of Dysplasia, caused by frequent GERD (gastroesophageal reflex disease)

another example: cervical dysplasia, which is pre-cancerous

Question 14

Hypoxic Injury

Answer 14

lack of oxygen, most common cause of cellular injury

result of: reduced air oxygen, loss of hemoglobin, decreased RBCS, resp or cardio diseases, poisoning of the oxidative enzymes (cytochromes) within the cells

Question 15

Cellular Injury Response

Answer 15

Decrease in ATP, failure of sodium potassium pump, failure of sodium calcium exchange, cellular swelling, vacuolation

Question 16

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Answer 16

Additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen
Mechanisms: oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium, inflammation, complement activation

Question 17

Apoptosis

Answer 17

Programmed/Planned cell death, eliminates aged and injured cells, normal for embryogenesis, immune cells, and ceasing lactation

Question 18

Necrosis

Answer 18

Pyknosis (shrink of the nucleus)
Karyolysis (the melt/destruction of nucleus)
Karyorrhexis (the rupture/fragmenting of the nucleus)

Question 19

Casseous Necrosis

Answer 19

“cheese”, tissues look like curdled cheese

Question 20

Gangrenous Necrosis

Answer 20

Hypoxic
Wet - lethal, aggressive, rapid
Dry - less dangerous, dry, shriveled, black, brown

Question 21

Sarcopenia

Answer 21

Effect of aging on cellular function, loss of muscle mass and strength