week 3 Flashcards

Question

What is Reification

Answer 1

Reification means treating a mental disorder label as if it were a real, separate thing that exists on its own — instead of remembering that it’s just a description of symptoms. so if someone has depression - its not that they have depression, instead they have multiple symptoms that have been grouped and given the name depression

Answer 2

* One of the most common forms or psychopathology * Meanage of onset = 32 years (Kessler et al., 2007) * Comorbidities: anxiety, substance abuse (and ‘physical’ illness)

Answer 3

Also one of the most treatable, although episodes can re-occur * 50% recover within 6 months of beginning of an episode * Typically, 5 to 6 lifetime episodes * Risk of recurrence * 1 episode = 50% * 2 episodes = 70% * 3 episodes = 90%

Answer 4

Manic episode lasts ~2–3 months Course is unpredictable - 90% with one manic episode → have further episodes More lifetime episodes than depressive disorders Earlier onset (18–22 years) High comorbidity (esp. substance use; WHO 2024) Mixed long-term prognosis → often lifelong meds Gender: roughly equal overall Women have increased risk for Bipolar II, hypomania, rapid cycling, mixed episodes (Diflorio & Jones, 2010)

Answer 5

According to the ABS, 43% had a lifetime mental disorder 21% had a 12-month mental disorder * 17 anxiety disorders (most common) * 7.5% “affective” [mood] disorders * 4.9% Depressive Episode * 1.5% Dysthymia * 2.0% Bipolar I / II

Answer 6

* $12.6 billion in costs per year * 6 million working days of lost productivity * Accounts for approximately 10% of all disability * 80% of suicides preceded by a mood disorder

Answer 7

* Negative /stressful life events: * Interpersonal loss * Loss of “social roles” * Feelings of entrapment, humiliation, defeat * Stress generation: increase prevalence of stressful life events For specific groups, such as Indigenous peoples, there may be additional significant social influences such as dispossession, cultural genocide, displacement, segregation, “stolen generation.”

Answer 8

Cognitive vulnerability Maladaptive schemas Causal attributions Response styles Goal attainment

Answer 9

1. Assign global, personal meaning to failures 2. Overgeneralise conclusions about self from events 3. Drawing arbitrary inferences about self without supporting evidence 4. Selective recall of events with consequences

Answer 10

Causal attributions are the explanations people give for why things happen, especially for their own successes and failure * Depressogenic attribution style: internal, stable, global

Answer 11

How do people respond to thing/life events? * Ruminative style - tend to revisit issues, can't let go of situations, which feeds a sense of hopelessness * Distracting style

Answer 12

Do people feel like they are moving toward their goals or away from them * Generalized goals * Pessimistic attitude

Answer 13

* Get depressed when we have Less positive reinforcement (verbal, social) * Get depressed if we have More negative events * Reduced behaviour -> when we get negative responses from others we may reduce our behaviour by taking fewer risks, socialising less often etc.

Answer 14

Precipitating factors (things that may trigger onset in a vulnerable person) * Schedule-disrupting events (changes in routine) * Goal attainment events Social factors can influence recovery/relapse * Emotional climate within families * Social support

Answer 15

* Genetic contribution especially influential in bipolar 1 disorder * Genetic risk & ‘sensitivity’ to stressful events * Genetic relations are complex * HPA axis (stress system): Abnormal cortisol response; “fight or flight” system may function differently. * Neurotransmitters: Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine involved; complex interactions. * Sleep & biological rhythms: Often disrupted. * Hormones: Possible influence, but evidence is mixed

Answer 16

* Cognitive therapy * Interpersonal therapy * Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy / Behavioural therapy: e.g., new response / altered contingencies / pleasant event scheduling

Answer 17

* e.g., meaning making, life roles

Answer 18

* antidepressants (& non-medication e.g., TDCS/TMS, ECT, bright light therapy). Types of drugs: * Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors * Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) * Mono-amine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)s

Answer 19

For moderate depression, combining medication and therapy gives the best results and keeps people most engaged in treatment.

Answer 20

Each year a million people suicide worldwide [more people die each year by suicide than by all other forms of violence combined] * A history of psychopathology (many types, but especially depression) is found in about 90-95% of people who die by suicide

Answer 21

Older Australians have fewer suicides overall, but a higher suicide rate because their age group makes up a smaller share of the total population.

Answer 22

* Suicide rate for young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is about 40% higher than that for the young men in the general population

Answer 23

Mental disorders – esp. depression & substance dependence Depression = strongest risk factor (≈19% lifetime suicide risk in mood disorders) Recent stressors: illness, loss, relationship breakdown, isolation History: previous attempts or expressing intent Psychological factors: feeling like a burden + lack of belonging (Joiner’s model

Answer 24

Population level: - gun control to reduce access to lethal means. Individual (emergency): - Crisis support (helplines, hospitalization, removing access to means), even involuntary treatment if needed. Individual (non-emergency): - Psychotherapy: challenge suicidal thinking, address causes, and strengthen protective factors (e.g., social support, belonging). - Use medication (e.g., antidepressants) and treat comorbidities such as substance use. - Ongoing monitoring and risk assessments are essential.

Answer 25

*Threatening to self-harm of suicide * Seeking access to means of suicide * Talking or writing about death, dying or suicide * Hopelessness * Rage, anger, revenge * Recklessness * Feeling trapped * Increasing substance use * Social withdrawal * Anxiety, agitation, sleep disturbance * Dramatic mood changes * Feeling purposeless in life/no reason for living

Answer 26

Build resilience for loss & life changes Support carers and those facing bereavement Encourage retirement planning Strengthen social connections with peers & community Promote positive ageing through public awareness Reduce risk factors: Limit isolation & living alone Review transport/living needs Remove access to means of suicide Encourage healthy activities (e.g., walking groups) Community programs: improve wellbeing (e.g., raise pensions to reduce poverty)

Answer 27

Traditional school suicide education can be unhelpful - May increase anxiety or depression - Can make suicide seem more common than it is Focus instead on: - Emotional well-being & resilience - Self-esteem, coping, and life skills - Supportive environments (school & home) - Identify at-risk youth early and provide targeted interventions

week 3 Flashcards

(52 cards)