week 4

Question 1

Parts of the brain (4 main + sub parts)

Answer 1

cerebrum
diencephalon
     - thalamus
     - hypothalamus
cerebellum
brain stem
     - medulla
     - pons
     - mid-brain

Question 2

Cerebrum matter + hemispheres

Answer 2

white matter - inside
grey matter - outside

left + right hemispheres

• spearated by longitudinal fissure
• connected by corpus callosum

Question 3

Brain lopes (list 4)

Answer 3

temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
diencephalon

Question 4

Temporal lobe

Answer 4

memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch.

Question 5

Parietal lobe

Answer 5

processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement

Question 6

Frontal lobe

Answer 6

cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity

Question 7

Occipital lobe

Answer 7

primarily responsible for vision

Question 8

Diencephalon

Answer 8

• connects sensory pathways to the cortex
• controls the amount of sensory information reaching the cortex
• controls emotions, motivation and behaviour

contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 9

Cerebellum

Answer 9

• adjusts muscle tone
• movement control
• coordination
• proprioception

Question 10

Brainstem parts and their functions

Answer 10

midbrain
- reflex centre for head and eye movement

pons

• accommodates some of the respiratory centres
• connects the medulla and cerebellum to the rest of the brain

medulla oblongata

• connects spinal cord to the brain
• sensory + motor pathways pass along the medulla
• respiratory + cardiovascular centres and swallowing + vomiting centres.

Question 11

Protection of CNS

Answer 11

• cranial bones/ vertebrae
• meninges
• cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Question 12

Cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) purpose

Answer 12

• cushions delicate structures

- transports nutrients, chemical messengers + wastes

Question 13

Spinal cord sections + functions

Answer 13

cervical enlargement -upper limbs
lumbar enlargement - lower limbs

• conducts sensory information from receptors to the brain
  conducts motor information from brain to effector organs

Question 14

Spinal root (list 3)

Answer 14

anterior/ ventral root
- contains axons of motor (efferent) neurons

posterior/ dorsal root
- contains axons of sensory (afferent) neurons

dorsal root ganglia
- contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 15

Spinal reflex process

Answer 15

receptor
afferent (sensory) nerve
integration centre
efferent (motor) nerve
effector (muscle)

Question 16

Somatic nervous system

Answer 16

• responsible for voluntary movements

- nerves innervate skeletal muscles

Question 17

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 17

• responsible for controlling various bodily functions unconsciously
• innervates heart, smooth muscle + glands

Question 18

Sympathetic division (ANS)

Answer 18

increases: alertness, HR, respiratory rate + muscular abilities, dilates airway, energy reserves, sweat glands

fight or flight

Question 19

Parasympathetic division (ANS)

Answer 19

decrease: metabolic rate, HR, promotes gastrointestinal functions

rest and digest

Question 20

Ganglion

Answer 20

collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 21

Types of nerve (divisions)

Answer 21

sympathetic - short pre-ganglionic nerve fibres
- long postganglionic nerve fibres

parasympathetic - long pre-ganglionic nerve fibres
- short postganglionic nerve fibres

Question 22

Dual innervation

Answer 22

• most vital organs receive dual innervation by both parasympathetic + sympathetic
• other organ/ systems have single innervation

Question 23

Autonomic tone

Answer 23

resting level of autonomic activity

Question 24

Musculoskeletal system functions

Answer 24

• support + posture
• protection
• movement
• homeostasis
• haemopiesis
• fat storage

Question 25

Skeletal system components (list 3)

Answer 25

bones - many functions tendons - connects muscle to bone ligaments - connects bone to bone

Question 26

Osseous tissue

Answer 26

- dense, supportive conective tissue | - contains specialised cells

Question 27

Bone cell (3 types)

Answer 27

osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts

Question 28

Osteocytes

Answer 28

mature bone cell | maintains the bone matrix

Question 29

Osteoblasts

Answer 29

immature bone cells secrete organic components BUILD osteiod and promote ostegensis

Question 30

Osteoclasts

Answer 30

secretes acids + protein-digesting enzymes | dissolve bone matrix + release minerals

Question 31

Joints (where are they found)

Answer 31

- two or more bones - bone + cartilage - bones + teeth

Question 32

Types of joints

Answer 32

immovable joints - extremely strong, no movement slightly movable joints - more movable + strongish freely movable joints - large range of movement

Question 33

Articular cartilage

Answer 33

smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints lubricated by synovial fluid

Question 34

Synovial fluid

Answer 34

- lubrication - nutrient distribution - shock absorption - waste removal

Question 35

Synovial joints (5 types list + role)

Answer 35

cartilage - cushion joint fat pads - protect articular cartilages ligaments - support, strengthen joints tendons - attach muscles around, joints, help support joint bursae - pockets of synovial fluid, cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

Question 36

Label the parts of the brain

Answer 36

``` cerebrum corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamus pituitary glands pons medulla cerebellum spinal cord ```

Question 37

Label the lobes

Answer 37

``` frontal lobe (front) parietal lobe (upper back) occipital lobe (lower back) temporal lobe (under) cerebellum (bottom back) ```

Question 38

Label the skeletal structure

Answer 38

``` cranium (head) facial bones (face) clavicle (collar bone) scapula (shoulder blade) humerus (upper arm bone) sternum (middle chest) rib cage (chest) vertebral column (spine) ulna (lower bone closer to body) radial (lower bone away from body) carpals (upper hand) metacarpals (middle hand) phalanges (fingers) pelvis femur (thigh bone) patella (knee bone) tibia (big leg bone) fibula (smaller leg bone) tarsals (upper foot bone) metatarsals (middle foot bone) phalanges (toes) ```

Question 39

Label the joint

Answer 39

``` articular cartilages compact bone fibrous joint joint cavity medullar cavity perioseum spongy bone synovial membrane ```