week 8

Question 1

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

• Gas exchange
• Protection from:
  
  • dehydration
  • temperature changes
  • pathogens
• Produce sound
• Olfaction

Question 2

2 Airway components

Answer 2

• bronchi

- bronchioles

Question 3

3 Parenchyma components

Answer 3

• functional tissue
• blood vessels
• alveolus

Question 4

Label the upper respiratory tract

Answer 4

paraanasal sinuses
nasal cavity
soft palate
hard palate
nostril
oral cavity
tongue
trachea
pharynx
larynx
vocal cords

Question 5

Random saying

Answer 5

C 3, 4 & 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

Question 6

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 6

Nasal cavity
- air warmed and humidified

Conchae

• surface area increased - warming
• turbulence for filtration

Larynx

• conduit
• protects airway
• produces sound

Question 7

Label the lower respiratory tract

Answer 7

larynx
tracheal cartilage
left primary bronchi
left lung
bronchioles
alveolar sac
alveoli
diaphragm
trachea
right primary bronchi
right lung
ribs
intercostal muscles

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

C shaped cartilage
mucosal layer
cilia
divides into R & L bronchi

Question 9

The bronchial tree

Answer 9

bronchus + one
primary, secondary & tertiary
ciliated
as they divide increase cartilage, decrease smooth muscle

Question 10

Bronchioles

Answer 10

• smaller diameter
• lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
• complete layer of circular smooth muscle
• diameter regulated by ANS
• two types of bronchioles: terminal & respiratory

Question 11

Respiratory zone

Answer 11

• respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

- large surface area & thin walls allow gas exchange

Question 12

Path from nose to alveoli

Answer 12

external nasal
nasal cavity
internal nares
pharynx
larynx
epiglottis
trachea
broncho
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
alveoli

Question 13

Bronchodilation

Answer 13

when the bronchi and bronchioles dilate, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs.

Question 14

Bronchoconstriction

Answer 14

constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath

Question 15

Alveoli

Answer 15

• thin walls
• note relationship with capillaries
• note elastic fibre

Question 16

Surfactant

Answer 16

reduce surface tension
- reduce alveolar

immune system effects

• directly bactericidal
• enhance phagocytosis

Question 17

Respiratory defences

Answer 17

nose hair
muciciliary escalator
cough & sneeze reflexes
alveolar macrophages
antibodies

Question 18

Ventilation

Answer 18

how the air moves in and out of the lungs

Question 19

Gas exchange

Answer 19

how oxygen & CO2 are exchanged between lungs & blood, blood & tissues

Question 20

Gas transport

Answer 20

Oxygen & CO2 in the blood

Question 21

Gas laws

Answer 21

Air moves down pressure gradients
increase volume = lowers the pressure
gases move from high pressure to low pressure
decrease volume = increase pressure

Question 22

Mechanics of breathing ( 2 phases)

Answer 22

INSPIRATION (inhalation) - air flows into the lungs

EXPIRATION (exhalation) - gases exit the lungs

Question 23

Respiratory cycle

Answer 23

Air flow occurs from area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Question 24

Gradients (3 types)

Answer 24

AT REST:
P outside = P inside — no air movement

INHALATION:
P outside > P inside — air in

EXHALATION:
P outside < P inside — air out

Question 25

Airway resistance

Answer 25

Air flow changes inversely with resistance - airway diameter: (bronchodilation & bronchoconstriction) - nature of air flow - lung compliance: change in transpulmonary pressure to achieve change in lung volume

Question 26

Inspiration

Answer 26

``` Inspiratory muscles contract diaphragm descends & rib cage rises intrathoratic volume increases lungs stretch intrapulmonary pressure drops gases flow In until intrapulmonary pressure =0 ```

Question 27

Expiration

Answer 27

``` Inspiratory muscles relax diaphragm rises & rib cage descends intrathoratic volume decreases lungs recoil intrapulmonary pressure rises gase flow OUT until intrapulmonary pressure = 0 ```

Question 28

Pleura

Answer 28

- essential for normal breathing - surrounds each lung - double layered membrane - parietal layer (chest wall) - visceral layer ( stuck to lung tissue) - pleural cavity with fluid in between

Question 29

Dead space

Answer 29

- anatomical dead space: volume of the conducting respiratory passages (150mL) - alveolar dead space: alveoli that ceases to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction - total dead space: sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

Question 30

Regulation of respiration

Answer 30

PONS: - apneustic centre - inspiration/ rhythm - pneumotaxic centre - switch of inspiration MEDULLA: - dorsal respiratory groups - dominant - ventral respiratory groups - exercise & stress

Question 31

Receptors (5)

Answer 31

``` central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors irritant receptors baroreceptors J-receptors ```

Question 32

Internal respiration

Answer 32

Gas exchange between blood and tissues

Question 33

Gas exchange

Answer 33

02 & CO2 transported in blood (limited solubility in plasma) 02 - dissolved in plasma - attached to haemoglobin CO2 - dissolved in plasma - converted to carbonic acid - attached to haemoglobin

Question 34

Main CO2 transport

Answer 34

Carbonic acid

Question 35

Main 02 transport

Answer 35

haemoglobin

Question 36

CO2 and pH

Answer 36

more CO2 = more H+ (acidic) less CO2 = less H+ (alkaline) ACIDOSIS - more H+ than usual ALKALOSIS - less H+ than usual

Question 37

Haemoglobin and Partial pressure

Answer 37

Higher P02 (patial pressure of oxygen) results in greater Hb (haemoglobin) saturation - increase P02 = Hb binds 02 - decrease P02 = Hb releases 02

Question 38

Haemoglobin

Answer 38

- 02 binds to iron (Fe2+) in the haem units - four haem units = four 02 binding sites - oxyhaemoglobin (Hb02)

Question 39

Environmental factors affecting Hb

Answer 39

Any change in shape of haemoglobin will affect oxygen binding - P02 of blood - Blood pH - Temperature - Metabolic activity within RBC's