Week 4

Question 1

What’re the ethical guidelines of psychological study?

Answer 1

• informed consent
• risk outweighed by positives
• deception only used when necessary and..
• debriefing afterwards to asses harm and explain shit
• children must have constant
• general principals of: justice, beneficence, respect, integrity

Question 2

Timeline of ethics?

Answer 2

1. Nuremberg code (47): voluntary participation and informed consent. Written during nazi trails.
2. Declaration of Helsinki(64): researchers must be competenet and out weight risks. Benefit vs. harm and review of research proposals.
3. National research act (74): review boards to develop ethical guidelines.
4. Belmont report (78): published set of guidelines. Respect, beneficence, justice, selection of participants, informed consent.

Question 3

Types of extraneous variables?

Answer 3

Individual difference
Situational difference
Random
Experimentor difference
Confounding

Question 4

What is a quasi-independent variable?

Answer 4

Where the variables are indirectly manipulated. I.e. gender cannot directly be manipulated, can only observe how manipulation affects it.

Question 5

A good hypothesis should?

Answer 5

Drive mad
Dependant variable and its relationship with the Independant variable and Explain how the variables will be Measured and Defined.

Question 6

What are the four types of measurement scales?

Answer 6

Nominal: scales differing only by qualitative names. (Non-specific order, i.e. single married divorced)

Ordinal: ordered scale where distance between scales is not the same. ( specific order, i.e. 1-10, rank order)

Ratio: ordered constant scale some intervals, a natural 0. (I.e. speed, length)

Interval: ordered constant measurement scale, intervals are exact same, no natural 0. (I.e. temperature)

Question 7

What is reliability?

How is reliability assessed?

Answer 7

Refers to the consistency of a measure and how it is affected by error.

1. Split-half reliability: measures are split in half, is there consistency between halves.
2. Internal consistency: consistency of peoples responses overtime. If they change it can be argued they are no longer measuring the same underlying construct.
3. Inter-rater eliability: extent to which different overservers are consistent overtime.
4. Test retest: extent to which measurement of a specific contrast is consistent over time.

Question 8

What are the factors of reliability?

Answer 8

Concurrent: does the test relate to an existing measure

Predictive: does the test predict later performance on related criteria

Convergent: criteria can also include other measures of the same construct

Face: extent to which it appears to measure what its meant to

Discriminant : extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptionally distinct.

Construct: whether the assessment reflects what’s being assessed.

Question 9

What is validity?

Answer 9

Refers to whether something measures what its supposed to.