WEEK 5 (CHAPTER 6)

Question 1

• Defined as a dosage form composed of solid or mixture of solids reduced to a finely divided state and intended for internal or external use.
• enable a primary care provider to alter the quantity of each medication for each
  dose. (Used in clinical studies of drug preparation)
• For infants and young children. You can mix with formula or sprinkle with applesauce
• provide a rapid onset of action
  Medicated powders is limited but the use of powdered substances in the formation of other dosage form is extensive

Answer 1

Powder

Question 2

agglomerates of powdered materials

Answer 2

Granules

Question 3

Physicochemical considerations:

Answer 3

• Particle size
• Particle shape
• Particle density
• Electrostatic charges
• Adhering/repelling properties

Question 4

dimension of solid
Particles of uniform size are blended easier

Answer 4

Particle size

Question 5

Spherical particles are easier to mix and transported easily from an area of high conc to low conc

Needle-shaped and cubic-shaped particles do not slide over each other as easily and tend to clog or stick together

Answer 5

Particle shape

Question 6

• heavy particles sink while light particles tend to rise

Answer 6

Particle density

Question 7

• Static electricity hamper blending
• Overcome by humidification of the work area.
• Add sodium lauryl sulfate to neutralize the charges.

Answer 7

Electrostatic charges

Question 8

-Some particles tend to adhere or repel each other
- The faster they are individually diluted with an inert substance or nonreactive material in the formulation, the easier it is to blend them

Answer 8

Adhering/repelling properties

Question 9

-all particles pass through sieve no. 8 and not more than 20% pass through sieve number 60.

Answer 9

Very coarse (No. 8)

Question 10

• All particles pass through sieve no. 20, and not more than 40% pass through sieve no. 60

Answer 10

Coarse (No. 20)

Question 11

• All particles pass through sieve no. 40 and not more than 40% pass through sieve no. 80

Answer 11

Moderately coarse (No. 40)

Question 12

All particles pass through sieve no. 60 and not more than 40% pass through sieve no. 100

Answer 12

Fine (No. 60)

Question 13

Particles are passed through mechanical shaking through a series of sieves of known and successively
smaller size

Answer 13

Sieving

Question 13

All particles pass through sieve no. 80. There is no limit to greater fineness

Answer 13

Very fine (No. 80)

Question 14

Sample particles are sized through the use of calibrated grid background

Answer 14

Microscopy

Question 15

Determined by measuring the terminal setting velocity of particles through a liquid medium in a gravitational or centrifugal environment.

Answer 15

Sedimentation rate

Question 16

Methods to Determine Particle Size

determined by reduction in light intensity reaching the sensor as the particle
dispersed in a liquid or gas, passes through the sensing zone
Utilized He-Ne laser, silicon photo diode detectors, ultrasonic probe

Answer 16

Light energy diffraction/Light scattering

Question 17

Methods to Determine Particle Size

pulsed laser is fired through an aerosolized particle spray and is photographed in three dimensions with a holographic camera

Answer 17

Laser holography

Question 18

Methods to Determine Particle Size

Principle: a particle driven by an airstream will hit a surface in its path, provided its
inertia is sufficient to overcome the drag force that tends to keep it in the airstream.

Particles are separated into various size ranges by successively increasing the velocity of the airstream in which they are carried.

Answer 18

Cascade Impaction

Question 19

• grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size
• Employed to comminute and mix powders If simple admixture without need for comminution-use glass mortar

Answer 19

Trituration or comminution

Question 20

-for uniform distribution when you mix a small amount of potent substance in a large amount of diluent. It is preferred
if both substance are the same color and a visible sign of mixing is
lacking.

Answer 20

Geometric dilution

Question 21

• Tumbling the powders in a rotating chamber designed to enhance the mixing
  process
• Time consuming
• Speed to rotating chamber is such that powders tumble over and over and do not simply slide down the slide of the chamber
• Widely used in industry on a large scale

Answer 21

V blender

Question 22

Consist of three individual chambers attached to the blender power unit and allows up to three different blending processes to be conducted simultaneously

Answer 22

Triple V blender

Question 23

• The blender is used to obtain homogenous mixing of powders with
  different specific weights and particle size
• The mixing container is subjected to three-dimensional movement that
  exposes the product to continuously changing, rhythmically pulsing
  motion

Answer 23

Turbula mixer

Question 24

Can result from gravity causing small particles to move into voids between larger particles because of large particle size differences

Answer 24

Percolation

Question 25

Causes small particles to move under large particles that are pushed to the surface and result in separation of differently sized particles

Answer 25

Vibration

Question 26

- Some powders become pasty or sticky or they may liquefy when mixed together - To keep powders dry, mix with a bulky powder adsorbent like light magnesium oxide or magnesium carbonate - Triturated very lightly on a pill tile by using a spatula rather than a mortar and pestle

Answer 26

Eutetics

Question 27

will absorb moisture from air

Answer 27

Hygroscopic powders

Question 28

will absorb moisture from air and then partially or wholly liquefy

Answer 28

Deliquescent powder

Question 29

- A crystalline powder that contains water of hydration or crystallization - This water can be liberated during manipulation or on exposure to low humidity environment - Powders may become sticky and pasty or liquefy - Use anhydrous salt form of the drug

Answer 29

Efflorescent powder

Question 30

- Uniform, small particle size with an elegant appearance - More stable than liquid dosage forms and are rapidly soluble enabling the drug to be absorbed quickly - The properties of powder relates to its size and surface area of particles so if powders have a large surface area they are exposed to atmospheric conditions so better dispensed them in tight containers

Answer 30

Composition

Question 31

- Free flowing and impalpable (pass them through sieve 100) - Uniform small particle size that won’t irritate the skin when applied - Prepared that it adheres to the skin - Highly sorptive powders should not be used for topical powders that are to be applied on oozing wounds as a hard crust may form. - More hydrophobic water repellant powder will prevent loss of water from the skin and will not cake on oozing surfaces

Answer 31

Topical Powders

Question 32

- Finely divided powders that are intended to be applied in a body cavity such as ears, nose, vagina, tooth socket or throat - Use an insufflator or puffer and patient simply puffs the desired quantity on a cavity

Answer 32

Insufflated powders

Question 33

Administered by inhalation with the aid of dry powder inhalers which deliver micronized particles in metered quantities

Answer 33

Aerosol powders

Question 34

- Advair diskus - Fluticasone propionate inhalation powder - The Foradil Aerolizer

Answer 34

Oral Inhalation Powders

Question 35

- are defined as a dosage form composed of dry aggregates of powder particles that may contain one or more APIs, with or without other ingredients. - They may be swallowed as such, dispersed in food, or dissolved in water. - are frequently compacted into tablets or filled into capsules, with or without additional ingredients. - are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powder. - They are irregularly shaped but may be prepared to be spherical.

Answer 35

Granules

Question 36

are granules or coarse to very coarse powders containing a medicinal agent in a dry mixture usually composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.

Answer 36

Effervescent salts