What are the two main categories of Hormones ?
- Amine & Polypeptide
2. Steroid derived
Plasma concentration of hormones is determined by?
Rate of secretion
Rate of metabolism or excretion
Quantity of transport proteins
Plasma volume
Magnitude of hormone effect depends on ?
Concentration of hormone
Number of receptors
affinity
Up or down regulation
Two ways in which Growth Hormone affects energy fuel during exercise
- Decreases tissue glucose uptake
2. Increase Fatty acid mobilisation
How does cortisol affect fuel during exercise
- stimulate FFA mobilisation from adipose tissue
- enhance gluconeogenesis in the liver
- decrease the rate of Glucose utilisation by cells
Cortisol during low intensity exercise will?
Increase or decrease
Decrease
Cortisol during high intensity exercise will?
Increase or decrease
Increase
What is the function of Catecholamines during exercise in regards to BGL
- Muscle Glycogen mobilisation
- liver glucose mobilisation
- FFA mobilisation
- interfere with glucose uptake
- Inhibits pancreatic Beta cells
- Stimulates pancreatic alpha cells
What happens to plasma insulin during exercise
Concentration decreases
What happens to insulin following training
Decreased response
Essentially, during exercise Epinephrine, Ne, GH, Cortisol, Glucagon will all___________ and insulin will _________
Increase
Decrease
What hormones are released from Adipose tissue ?
Leptin
Adiponectin
What is the function of Leptin
- influences appetite
- increase insulin sensitivity
- fatty acid oxidation
What is the function of Adiponectin
Increase insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation
How does leptin and adiponectin respond in Obesity
Increased leptin levels
Decreased Adiponectin
How can skeletal muscle be justified as an endocrine Gland
It releases Myokines during contraction
List 3 ways hormones can affect enzymes within a cell
- stimulate enzyme production
- increase or decrease effectiveness (Allosteric modulation)
- increase total activity (Activates inactive enzyme forms)
List actions of Growth Hormone
- release IGF
- amino acid uptake and synthesis
- long bone and muscle growth
- spares plasma glucose ( increases gluconeogenesis)
- Fatty acid mobilisation
- decreases tissue glucose uptake
Three functions of testosterone
- Promotes tissue building
- Performance enhancement
- Masculine characteristics
List the hormones implicated in regulation BGL
- insulin
- Glucagon
- GH
- Cortisol
- Catecholamines
- somatostatin
How does somatostatin effect BGL
- inhibits Glucagon and thereby decreases BGL
With regards to intensity, when will NE and Epi be released?
NE - around 50% VO2 max.
E - higher release as intensity increases (highest concentration seen at 100-110% of VO2 max)
What is the common intracellular mediator of Catecholamines
- Cyclic AMP
How does training effect Catecholamines?
- NE release is lower in trained individuals
- NE and Epi output both decrease within weeks of training
