BIO1022 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is “alternation of generations” in plants?

A

Life cycle alternating between haploid gametophyte (n) and diploid sporophyte (2n) generations.

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2
Q

Which generation is diploid and produces spores?

A

Sporophyte (2n), produces haploid spores by meiosis.

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3
Q

Which generation is haploid and produces gametes?

A

Gametophyte (n), produces gametes by mitosis.

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4
Q

What do gametes fuse to form?

A

A diploid zygote, which grows into the sporophyte.

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5
Q

In ferns, which generation is dominant?

A

Sporophyte is dominant and independent.

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6
Q

What structure produces spores in ferns?

A

Sporangia, usually in clusters called sori on underside of fronds.

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7
Q

How are fern spores dispersed?

A

By wind.

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8
Q

What do fern spores grow into?

A

A small, heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus.

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9
Q

Where are gametes produced in ferns?

A

Antheridia produce sperm; archegonia produce eggs.

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10
Q

How does fertilisation occur in ferns?

A

Sperm swim through water to reach egg — requires moisture.

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11
Q

What develops after fertilisation in ferns?

A

A diploid sporophyte grows directly from the gametophyte.

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12
Q

Which generation is dominant in angiosperms?

A

Sporophyte generation; gametophyte is highly reduced and dependent.

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13
Q

Where are spores produced in angiosperms?

A

In flowers — anthers (microsporangia) and ovules (megasporangia).

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14
Q

What is the male gametophyte in angiosperms?

A

Pollen grain (formed from microspores).

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15
Q

What is the female gametophyte in angiosperms?

A

Embryo sac (formed from a megaspore inside the ovule).

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16
Q

How do angiosperms achieve fertilisation?

A

Pollination — pollen lands on stigma, grows pollen tube to egg.

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17
Q

What unique process occurs during angiosperm fertilisation?

A

Double fertilisation — one sperm fertilises egg (zygote), another fertilises central cell (endosperm).

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18
Q

What does the fertilised ovule develop into?

A

A seed (embryo + endosperm + seed coat).

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19
Q

What does the ovary develop into?

A

A fruit, which aids in seed dispersal.

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20
Q

Which generation is dominant in gymnosperms?

A

Sporophyte; gametophyte is reduced and dependent.

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21
Q

Where do gymnosperms produce their spores?

A

In cones — male (pollen) and female (ovulate) cones.

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22
Q

What is the male gametophyte in gymnosperms?

A

Pollen grain, produced in microsporangia of male cones.

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23
Q

What is the female gametophyte in gymnosperms?

A

Formed within the ovule inside the female cone.

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24
Q

How do gymnosperms achieve fertilisation?

A

Pollen is wind-carried to ovule — sperm delivered via pollen tube (no water needed).

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25
What does the fertilised ovule become in gymnosperms?
A seed, exposed on cone scales (not enclosed in fruit).
26
Which plant groups have dominant sporophytes?
Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
27
Which groups require water for fertilisation?
Seedless vascular plants like ferns.
28
Which groups use pollen to transfer sperm without water?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
29
Which group has double fertilisation and produces fruits?
Angiosperms.
30
Which group’s seeds are 'naked'?
Gymnosperms (seeds not enclosed by fruit).
31
What is fertilisation in plants?
The fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote.
32
What does fertilisation produce?
A diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte generation.
33
What must occur before fertilisation?
Gamete production and transfer (e.g., sperm reaching the egg).
34
How do seedless vascular plants achieve fertilisation?
Sperm swim through a thin film of water to reach the egg in the archegonium.
35
Where are eggs and sperm produced in ferns?
Eggs in the archegonia and sperm in the antheridia on the gametophyte (prothallus).
36
Why is water required for fertilisation in ferns?
Because fern sperm are flagellated and must swim to the egg.
37
Where does fertilisation occur in ferns?
In the archegonium of the gametophyte.
38
What develops after fertilisation in ferns?
A diploid zygote that grows into the sporophyte, initially attached to the gametophyte.
39
How do gymnosperms achieve fertilisation?
Through wind pollination and pollen tube growth to deliver sperm to the egg.
40
Where does fertilisation occur in gymnosperms?
Inside the ovule within the female cone.
41
Is water required for fertilisation in gymnosperms?
No, fertilisation occurs without water.
42
What is the male gametophyte in gymnosperms?
The pollen grain.
43
What is the female gametophyte in gymnosperms?
Tissue inside the ovule containing the egg cell.
44
How is the sperm delivered to the egg in gymnosperms?
A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the egg cell.
45
What forms after fertilisation in gymnosperms?
A diploid zygote, which develops into an embryo within a seed.
46
Where are gymnosperm seeds found?
Exposed on the scales of female cones (naked seeds).
47
How do angiosperms achieve fertilisation?
Via pollination followed by pollen tube growth from stigma to ovule.
48
Where does fertilisation occur in angiosperms?
Inside the ovule within the ovary of the flower.
49
Is water required for fertilisation in angiosperms?
No, pollen tube growth replaces the need for water.
50
What is the male gametophyte in angiosperms?
The pollen grain.
51
What is the female gametophyte in angiosperms?
The embryo sac inside the ovule.
52
What unique process occurs during angiosperm fertilisation?
Double fertilisation — one sperm fertilises the egg, another fuses with the central cell to form endosperm.
53
What does the zygote develop into in angiosperms?
An embryo within a seed.
54
What does the ovary develop into after fertilisation?
A fruit that encloses and protects the seeds.
55
Which plant group requires water for fertilisation?
Seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns).
56
Which plant groups use pollen to transfer sperm?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
57
Which group has double fertilisation?
Angiosperms only.
58
Which group has naked seeds?
Gymnosperms.
59
Which group encloses seeds in fruit?
Angiosperms.
60
What are Pteridophytes?
a group of vascular plants, commonly known as ferns, that reproduce via spores
61
What are Bryophytes?
a group of non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They lack true vascular tissues like xylem and phloem
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