1
Q
Name FOUR cerebral causes of altered conscious state (ACS).
A
- head injury
- infection
- seizure
- ischaemic events
- drugs and poisons
- space occupying lesion (e.g. blood clot, tumour)
2
Q
Name TWO non-cerebral causes of ACS.
A
- respiratory
- cardiovascular
- metabolic
- other
3
Q
Name ONE respiratory cause of ACS.
A
- hypoxia
- hypercapnia
4
Q
Name ONE cardiovascular cause of ACS.
A
- hypotension
- hyperdynamic states
5
Q
Name THREE metabolic causes of ACS.
A
- hypoglycaemic
- hyperglycaemia
- acidosis
- kidney disease
- liver disease
6
Q
What are the early signs of ACS?
A
- altered conscious state
- headache
- urine output >300mL/hr
- nausea and vomitting
- pupil changes
- seizures
7
Q
What are the late signs of ACS?
A
- unresponsive
- cushing’s reflex
- chyne-stokes respirations
- abnormal posturing
8
Q
What are the aims of mananging ICP?
A
- prevent secondary injury
- maintain/optimise cerebral perfusion
- ICP < 20mmHg
9
Q
Name all four types of intracranial bleeding.
In your own time discuss these.
A
- intracerebral haemorrhage
- epidural haematoma
- subarachnoid haemorrhage
- subdural haematoma
