week 8 module lectures

Question 1

unstable resting angina
uncontrolled dysrhythmias
uncontrolled CHF
dissecting aneurism
acute change in resting EKG>ish/MI
aortic stenosis
acute pulm embolism (moved embolus)
acute pericarditis
acute myocarditis

Which of these are ok to perform activities for rehab?

Answer 1

acute change in resting EKG>ish/MI
aortic stenosis
acute pulm embolism (moved embolus)
acute pericarditis
acute myocarditis

all others are contraindicated for activity and exercise testing

unstable resting angina
uncontrolled dysrhythmias
uncontrolled CHF
dissecting aneurism

Question 2

swan ganz catheter/line value
pulmonary catheter/line value

normal is about 12 mm Hg

what is a problem value that suspects uncontrolled CHF or a hearts inability to pump blood effectively ?

Answer 2

6-12 mmHg

Question 3

swan-ganz catheter pressure

mmHg 12
mmHg 6-12

which is the problem value suggesting uncontrolled CHF ?

Answer 3

mmHg of 6-12 is a problem
mmHg of 12 is normal pressure

Question 4

increase of fluid retention of _______
with uncontrolled CHF is a problem

Answer 4

6-10 lbs

A rapid weight gain of this magnitude is a serious warning sign that your heart failure may be worsening.
As the heart’s pumping ability weakens, the body can’t effectively circulate blood and fluid, causing it to accumulate in tissues.

Question 5

• S3 heart sound
• Jugular venous distension
• Swan-Ganz catheter value > 12mmHg
• Pedal edema – pitting edema that is becoming worse
• Dyspnea with mild exertion
• Fluid retention (6-10lbs)
• Breath sounds (crackles, rales)

Signs of what ?!!

Answer 5

uncontrolled CHF

Question 6

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs or arms
Prolonged bed rest or inactivity
Surgery or trauma
Obesity
Smoking
Certain medications (e.g., birth control pills)

all of these things could lead to ….

Answer 6

acute pulmonary embolism

Question 7

thrombus vs embolus

Answer 7

Thrombus: A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel.
Embolus: A blood clot or other material that breaks off from a thrombus or another source and travels through the bloodstream until it lodges in another vessel.

Question 8

an inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart.It is a common condition that can cause sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms

Answer 8

Acute pericarditis

Question 9

is an inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium) that typically occurs suddenly and over a short period

Answer 9

Acute myocarditis

Question 10

a condition where the aortic valve, which controls blood flow from the heart to the body, becomes narrowed.This narrowing restricts blood flow, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood.

Answer 10

Aortic stenosis

Question 11

ST segment depression

Answer 11

ST segment depression refers to a downward deflection of the ST segment on an electrocardiogram (ECG) below the isoelectric line

Myocardial ischemia (reduced blood flow to the heart muscle): This is the most common cause of ST segment depression. It can occur due to coronary artery disease, heart attack, or unstable angina.

Electrolyte imbalances: Low levels of potassium or calcium in the blood can cause ST segment depression.

Medications: Certain medications, such as digoxin and beta-blockers, can cause ST segment depression.

Other conditions: Hyperthyroidism, pulmonary embolism, and left bundle branch block can also lead to ST segment depression.

Question 12

dissecting aneurism

Answer 12

is a condition where the inner layer of the aorta (the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body) tears, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the artery wall.

Causes:

Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)

High blood pressure

Trauma

Connective tissue disorders (e.g., Marfan syndrome)

Question 13

Uncontrolled dysrhythmias

Answer 13

Uncontrolled dysrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms that are not properly managed and can lead to serious health problems, such as stroke, heart failure, or sudden cardiac arrest.

These conditions occur when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or irregularly, and are often characterized by symptoms like chest pain, dizziness, and shortness of breath.

Examples of uncontrolled dysrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation and uncontrolled atrial fibrillation

Question 14

Breath sounds (crackles, rales)

Answer 14

Crackles, also known as rales, are a type of abnormal breath sound that can indicate underlying lung conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, or bronchitis. They sound like a series of short, clicking, rattling, or bubbling noises heard during inhalation and are caused by the opening of small airways or alveoli that were previously collapsed. While fine crackles are high-pitched and short, coarse crackles are lower-pitched, louder, and sound more like gurgling, often due to fluid in the larger airways.

Types and causes

Fine Crackles:

Sound: High-pitched, short, “popping” or “cracking” sounds heard towards the end of inhalation.

Cause: The sudden opening of small airways and alveoli that are deflated or collapsed.

Conditions: Pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary fibrosis.

Coarse Crackles:

Sound: Lower-pitched, louder, gurgling, or “bubbling” sounds that can last through both inspiration and expiration.

Cause: Air passing through larger airways with secretions, like mucus.

Conditions: Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis.

Other related conditions:

Asthma, COPD, and acute bronchitis can also be associated with abnormal breath sounds.

Foreign body obstruction, pulmonary edema, and interstitial lung disease can also cause