What is shadowing?
- listen to something and repeat what they’re hearing as fast as they can
- can do it about one syllable behind what they are hearing (250ms behind it)
What is gating?
- snippets of words are played, each snippet started at the beginning of the word and went a little longer in length
- increase size of gate by 25ms on and on until you identify the word (jjj-> jjjjjjja-> jjjjjjjjjaaa.. jam)
- identify word
- for one or two syllable words in a sentence, listeners only need about 200ms of it
- words in isolation needed about 300ms
What does lexical access include?
-spelling, meaning, contextual information, morphological patterns, phonology, syntactic category
Name and explain the first generation models of lexical access.
FOBS (Frequency ordered bin search)
- serial, modular
- 3 bins: orthography, phonology, semantics
- information in each bin is arranged according to frequency
- selecting which bin to look into depends on the input
Logogen
- parallel, modular
- keeps track of how activated each candidate is
- activation starts and after each sound of the word, you get to threshold
- each candidate has their own logogen
- the frequent words have a lower threshold than the less frequent words
- accounts for recency effects (temporarily raises activation so it would take less time to reach threshold for the word)
What is a corpus?
it records language that has been used
What are some known frequency effects? Explain them
object naming: you are shown an object or a picture of an object and are asked “What is this?”
-you are faster when naming more frequent words
phoneme monitoring: you listen to a spoken passage of speech and your job is to push a button when you hear a target phoneme
-you are faster to push the button for the phoneme that they’re monitoring for when the word before has high frequency
Describe a lexical decision task.
- say if the stimulus is a real word or not
- measures response latency (reaction time)
- huge frequency effect
Does lexical decision reflect lexical access? Give results of the three tasks and explain the two-stage model for LD.
results:
lexical decision- frequency effects, typicality effects
naming: smaller frequency effects
smaller typicality effects
category verification: no frequency effects!
two-stage model for LD:
- easy cases can be decided without lexical access (ex:itjele vs book)
- hard cases need lexical access to decide (ex:yam vs slite) slite corresponds to a phonological representation that sounds like a real world
Lexical Access Models should account for effects of:
frequency, recency, context, typicality
What is priming?
faster reaction time suggests association between the prime and the target
Name 5 types of priming
- similar phonological properties: candy and candle
- semantic properties: dog and cat
- antonyms: hot and cold
- shared perceptual properties beach ball and orange
- functional/thematic relationships (spoon and cereal)
