1
Q
when does the nasopharynx start
A
- when nasal septum finishes
2
Q
what is the posterior nare
A
- where the opening is going into the nasal cavity from nasopharynx
3
Q
what is the anterior nare
A
- where air is going into nostril from front
4
Q
what is the floor of the nasal cavity
A
- same as hard palate
5
Q
what are concha
A
- little folds of bone into the nasal cavity
- covered by mucous membranes
6
Q
what type of bone forms concha
A
- porous
- like a prawn cracker
7
Q
where does each concha come from
A
- superior and middle come from ethmoid bone
- inferior is a bone in its own right
8
Q
what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity lined by
A
- respiratory
- pseudosatrified columnar epithelium and cells have cilia and there would be goblets cells within ciliated cells
9
Q
what type of epithelium is at top of nasal cavity
A
- special receptors for sense smell
10
Q
what does the mucosa of nasal cavity do
A
- warms incoming air
- mucous stick dirt to it and cilia waft mucous back the way to nasopharynx to be swallowed
11
Q
what are the spaces between concha called
A
- meatuses
- named after concha they are underneath
12
Q
where does the air pass through the nasal cavity
A
- along the meatuses
13
Q
what does a nasal speculum do
A
- if want to look in someone’s nasal cavity, you put these in their nostrils, then they spring apart and allow you to see concha
14
Q
where does the nasolacrimal duct open
A
- into inferior meatus of nasal cavity
15
Q
what is the hiatus semilunar is
A
- curved recess in middle meatus
16
Q
what is the frontal air sinus
A
- space in bone containing air
- opens into upper end of hiatus semilunaris
17
Q
who is the frontal air sinus bigger in
A
- men
18
Q
where does the maxillary sinus open
A
- lower end of hiatus semilunaris
19
Q
where is the ethmoidal bulla
A
- in concavity of hiatus semilunaris
- bulge of bone covered in mucous membranes
20
Q
what is another name for the maxillary sinus
A
- maxillary antrum
21
Q
why do children often get infections of ethmoidal sinus
A
- bone between orbit and sinuses is thin so possibility that infection could go into orbit
22
Q
what is the maxillary sinus shaped like
A
- 3-sided pyramid
- base is medial side next to nasal cavity
- apex is corner by zygomatic process of maxilla
23
Q
which tooth is most commonly associated with maxillary sinus
A
- upper first molar
- but could be any tooth from canine backwards
24
Q
what epithelium is the maxillary sinus lined by
A
- respiratory epithelium
- cells aren’t as tall as elsewhere in respiratory tract
25
what happens if you got an infection of the maxillary sinus
- fluid tends to gather and fill up the sinus
- difficult for infected material to drain out of sinus as opening is very high up
- clinicians used to make hole at side to allow infected material to drain into the mouth
26
what nerve runs along the top of maxillary sinus
- infraorbital nerve
27
what cancer is most common
- squamous cell carcinoma
- epithelial cells change to squamous
- become malignant
- smokers more likely
28
how do you know if someone has OAC
- fluid is forced up through it and gather in sinus and then fluid comes out the nose out the nostrils
- patients then have to drink with head back so ti runs back down the throat
29
what is the difference between OAC and OAF
- OAF is for if the opening has been there for some time and the epithelium of the sinus joins the epithelium of the oral cavity
- fistula is an epithelial lined cavity
30
what runs through the sphenopalatine foramen
- nasopalatine nerve
| - runs down the septum
31
what does anterior superior alveolar nerve supply
- anterior teeth
32
what does middle superior alveolar nerve supply
- premolars
| - not everyone has this
33
what does posterior superior alveolar nerve supply
- molar teeth
34
what does greater palatine nerve innervate
- poster 2/3 of hard palate
35
what does lesser palatine nerve innervate
- soft palate
36
when does maxillary nerve become infraorbital nerve-
- changes name once maxillary nerve has run through orbit and through infraorbital fissure
37
where does the ASAN nerve run
- bony canal
- called Canalis sinuosus
- s-shaped canal
38
what are ASAN and MSAN a branch of
- infraorbital nerve
39
what is PSAN a branch of
- maxillary nerve
| - comes off before nerve reaches orbit
40
how many lesser palatine nerves are there
- 1-3
41
what does the lateral nasal cartilages give shape to
- bridge of nose
42
what are alar cartilages
- cartilages that give shape to medial side of nostrils
43
what passes diagonally down nasal septum from sphenopalatine foramen to incisive canal
- nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery
44
what is the vestibule
- area superior to nostril and anterior to inferior meatus and the atrium
45
what is atrium
- area superior to vestibule and anterior to middle meatus
46
what 3 openings are in the hiatus semilunaris
- opening of frontal sinus
- opening of anterior ethmoidal cells
- opening of maxillary sinus
47
where do middle ethmoidal cells open
- ethmoidal bulla
48
where do anterior ethmoidal cells open
- hiatus semilunaris
49
where do posterior ethmoidal cells open
- superior meatus
50
which two concha are often fused together
- middle and superior
51
which concha is the biggest
- inferior
52
why does air travel under the concha
- because there is not a lot of space between conchae and septum
53
what is the septum formed from
- soft tissues
- immediately medial to entry there is soft tissue
- a little further back there is cartilage
- further back there is perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone which is also soft tissue
54
what is the vomer
- bone
- thicker than other parts of septum
- has a free posterior edge
55
what does the nasopalatine nerve supply
- supplied anterior 1/3 of palate
56
where does the pituitary gland sit
- in pituitary fossa in middle cranial fossa
57
which meatus does the frontal sinus open into
- middle
58
where do the paranasal sinuses open
- into the nasal cavity
59
where does the maxillary sinus sit
- in the area around the inferior concha, goes slightly below the floor too
- opens into lower end of hiatus semilunaris
60
what other sinus could be affected if there is an infection in the frontal sinus
- the maxillary sinus
61
how is it easy for infections in the ethmoidal sinuses to go into the orbit
- because the bone between them both is very thin
62
what sinus is in the sphenoid bone
- sphenoid sinus
| - right and left
63
where does the sphenoid sinus open into
- sphenoethmoidal recess
64
what is an example of a tumour of the pituitary gland
- acromegaly
65
how do surgeons treat pituitary gland tumour
- pass instruments through mucosa of nasal cavity, go through bone of sphenoid bone to access the pituitary fossa
- transsphenoidal approach
66
what does the nasolacrimal duct do
- drains tears from the eyes
67
where does the nasolacrimal duct come from
- medial end of the eye
68
where does the nasolacrimal duct open
- below inferior concha, at highest point of the curve
69
what happens when you have na infection in the maxillary sinus
- pus builds up
- will fill sinus
- in bed at night, the fluid can drain into nasal cavity when lying down
70
how does sinuses change as you grow
- they enlarge
71
what is another name for the zygomatic proces
- zygomatic buttress
72
why do we have sinuses
- unsure
- reduce weight of skull
- helps with contours of the face as you grow
- could influence voice
73
why do you need to be aware of the lower limit of the maxillary sinus
- for where the roots of teeth are
| - for implant materials
74
what is a change in epithelial called
- metaplasia
75
what is most common cancer of epithelium
- squamous cell carcinoma
- half of patients who present with this malignancy the tumour starts to come through the bone
- appears on the gum where there is no teeth
- white area appears
76
if child has shingles what nerve is affected
- maxillary branch of trigeminal
- infraorbital nerve
- zygomatic nerve
77
what does the infraorbital nerve give branches to
- front of cheek, upper lip, little bit onto side of nose, onto eyelid
- nasal, labial and palpebral branches
78
what branch does the zygomatic branch of the maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve give off
- temporal branch
79
what nerve passes through the maxillary sinus
- inraorbital nerve
80
what is the path of the maxillary nerve
- comes forward through foramen rotundum and cones into area behind upper jaw
- passes into inferior orbital fissure
- comes out of face trough infraorbital foramen
81
what is the course of the zygomatic branch
- passes separates into inferior orbital fissure
- follow a more lateral course
- branches in the bone to come out in the face
82
where does the anterior superior alveolar nerve run
- lateral wall of maxillary sinus in bony canals
83
where does the posterior superior alveolar nerve run
- comes off the back and passes through maxilla into back part of maxillary sinus
84
what goes through the pterygopalatine fossa
- greater palatine nerve
85
where does the greater palatine nerve enter the bony palate
- greater palatine foramen
86
what does the nasal branches supply
- nasal cavity
| - side wall
87
where does the nasopalatine nerve run
- cross the roof of the nasal cavity
- onto upper back part of nasal septum and comes down
- supplies anterior 1/4 of hard palate
88
where is the pteryogpalatine ganglion
- within the pterygopalatine fossa
89
what is the pterygopalatien ganglion involved in innervation of
- lacrimal gland, little glands around nasal cavity, minor salivary glands in roof of mouth
90
what branch of the facial nerve does the pterygopalatine ganglion receive
- petrosal nerve
91
what happens at the synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion
- post fibres going to head follow branches of trigeminal nerve, use the sensory branches to travel to the glands in the palate
92
what is the pterygopalatine fossa usually hidden by
- zygomatic bone
93
what is the pterygomaxillary fissure
- entry into pterygopalatine fossa
94
where does the maxillary nerve go through the skull
- foramen rotundum
95
how many frontal sinuses are there
- 2
96
how many maxillary sinuses are there
- 2
97
how many sphenoidal sinuses are there
- 2
98
what are mastoid air cells
- within the mastoid process
| - lots of little cavities containing air
99
if patient was hit in the eye what could happen
- damage to infraorbital nerve
BDS3 - Anatomy
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