Week Seven

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

• What happens before the behaviour is important

Pavlov’s dog

Question 2

operant conditioning

Answer 2

• What happens after is important

Punishment or reward

Question 3

social learning approach

Answer 3

Sociallearningapproach
- Intergenerational modelling behaviour
Learning by observing the social environment

Question 4

rational emotive behaviour therapy

Answer 4

• AlbertEllis(1913‐2007)
  
  • Beliefsareimportant
  • Wedon’tjustpassivelysitbackandletthingshappen
    ○ We have cognitions and feelings that contribute to the way we navigate our environment.

Question 5

the REBT model

Answer 5

• Anactivatingevent happenstotriggerourthinking
  
  • Weperceivethateventandourperceptionisguidedbyourbeliefs
    ○ Canberationalorirrational
  • Asaresultofbeliefsatthetimeofthisevent,weexperiencea consequence(abehaviouroranemotion) 
    ○ Canbehealthyorunhealthy
  • ImportanttorecognisethatAdoesnotcauseC,butBhappensin between

Question 6

ABCDEF model

Answer 6

activating event - belief - consequence - dispute - effect - (new) feelings

Question 7

ABCDEF cont.

Answer 7

• Activating: release of PULSE results for lecturers.
  
  • Beliefs: cycle of despair, feeling as though you are a bad teacher.
  • Consequence: feeling down and anxious about the results.
  • Dispute: Only hearing from a small percentage of students, not sure if everyone is talking about you etc.
  • Effect: starting to feel better and possibly start to improve upon behaviour
    (new) Feeling: feeling better and motivated to improve.

Question 8

rational vs. irrational beliefs

Answer 8

(Ellis, 1975)

- Imust belovedorapprovedofbyeverysignificantpersoninmylife 
- Imust becompetent,adequate,andachievinginallrespectsifIamtoconsider myselfworthwhile 
- Itisterribleandcatastrophicwhenthingsarenotthewaytheyought tobe;it’s notfair
- Ishould getwhatIwant,whenIwantit.IfIdon’tgetwhatIwant,it’sterrible, andIcan’tstandit;itfrustratesme 
- Oneought tobeabletorelyonothersandexpectthemtoactincertainways 
- Ishould bequiteupset/concernedaboutotherpeoples’problems 
- Otherpeoplemust treatmeconsiderately,fairly,kindly;exactlythewayIwant themtotreatme

Question 9

disputing irrational beliefs

Answer 9

• Detectingirrationalbeliefs(shoulds,musts,oughts)
  
  • Debatingdysfunctionalbeliefs
  • Discriminating
  • Noteasy!

Question 10

the REBT therapeutic process

Answer 10

• PsychoeducationwithclientsaboutA‐B‐Csetc
  
  • Assistclientsinidentifyinganddisputingirrationalbeliefsandmodifying these(=cognitiverestructuring)
  • Encourageclientstocounterirrationalbeliefs,replacethemwithrational thoughts
  • Usehomeworktaskstotransferwhatisdiscussedinsessiontoreallife situations 
    ○ Self‐monitoring/diaries 
    Behaviouraltasks

Question 11

cognitive therapy

Answer 11

• AaronBeck(1921‐ )
  
  • Basedonempiricalresearch
    ○ Depression 
    ○ Panicdisorder 
    ○ Socialanxiety 
    ○ Phobias 
    ○ PTSD 
    ○ Schizophrenia 
    ○ Eatingdisorders
    ○ Angermanagement 
    ○ Stress

Question 12

Beck’s cognitive model

Answer 12

• Initiallyinterestedindepression,sostartedwiththatinhismodel 
  ○ Referredtothenegativecognitivetriad
  
  • Clientshavenegativebiaswhentheyinterpretcertainevents
  • Negativebiasistheresultofcognitivedistortions
  • Three elements of the cognitive model is how the person thinks about;
    ○ Self (depressed = negative view of self)
    ○ World (depressed = negative, “no one loves me” etc.)
    ○ Future (extremely hopelessness)
  • Because of emotional contagion, we being to have a negative bias about everything.
    ○ Because today was bad each day will be bad etc.
    ○ Ignoring information that does not fit within the bias mindset.
    § Not taking compliments etc.

Question 13

arbitrary inferences

Answer 13

• Arbitraryinferences(includingcatastrophising)
  ○ Reach a conclusion without evidence.
  ○ i.e what evidence do you have that you are a terrible person

Question 14

selective abstraction

Answer 14

○ Making a generalisation with only a small amount of evidence.

Question 15

overgeneralisation

Answer 15

○ Assuming everything will be negative etc.

Question 16

magnification or minimisation

Answer 16

○ Blowing things out of proportion

Shrinking positive information and minimising significance.

Question 17

personalisation

Answer 17

○ Make everything about you
○ Compare self to others
Seen a lot in social anxiety

Question 18

labelling and mislabeling

Answer 18

○ Identity becomes tied up in labels in a negative way

Tied up in the way we describe ourselves.

Question 19

polarised (dischotomous thinking)

Answer 19

○ Black and white
○ All or nothing
○ I’m a failure if everything is not perfect

Question 20

emotional reasoning

Answer 20

Believing that your feelings dictate who you are

Question 21

mind reading

Answer 21

Assuming that everyone is thinking negative of you.

Question 22

beck’s cognitive therapeutic process

Answer 22

• Focusisonthepresent,hereandnow,notonpast
  ○ Whatmightbethecriticismhere?
  § What if what is driving these irrational thoughts is something that as happened in the past?
  
  • Therapistestablisheslinkbetweenmaladaptivebehaviourandclient’sthoughts
    ○ Teachclienttoidentifydistortedcognitionsthroughdeliberatethoughtmonitoring
  • Noteasy- tracethe‘streamofthought’identifyingtheactivatingschema(core beliefs
    ○ Usefulforrelapseprevention
  • Identifyspecificgoalsforchange
  • Usesocratic questioning
  • Assistclientstorestructuretheirthoughts/schemas
  • Clientlearnsnewfunctionalself‐statements,alternativeinterpretations,different perspectives

Question 23

couple therapy using CBT

Answer 23

• Distressedcouplestypicallyhavenegativeinteractioncycles,notmuchintheway ofpositive,rewardinginteractions(lotsofblaming,criticising,punishingand anger)
  ○ Negativebehaviourinonepartnertendstobereciprocatedbytheotherpartner
  ○ Startsachainofescalatingnegativeinteractions
  
  • Distressedcouplestendtobereactive – bothpositiveandnegativeevents influencehowthecouplefeelsabouttherelationshipovertime(thisisthe cognitiveelement)
  • Non‐distressedcouplesdon’tanticipatecriticism;distressedcoupleslookoutfor signsofpotentialattacksagainstthem -
  • Eventuallytherelationshiplosesthecapacitytoreinforcesatisfactionand positivity(thisisthebehaviouralelement)
  • ThepremiseofCBCTisthatpartners’dysfunctionalemotionaland behaviouralresponsestotherelationshipeventsareinfluencedby information‐processingerrors(cognitivedistortions)
    ○ e.g.“Youstayedmost ofthedayatyourparents’housebecausetheyaremoreimportanttoyou thanIam.”
  • Relationshipeventsmightbeevaluatedaccordingtoextremeor unreasonablestandardsofwhatarelationshipshouldbe(e.g.Ifyoureally cared,you’dwanttospendallyourfreetimewithme.That’swhata marriageshouldbe.”)
  • Oftenpartnersfailtoevaluatetheappropriatenessoftheircognitionsand insteadtrustinthevalidityoftheirofsubjective,distorted beliefs/automaticthoughts
    ○ We no longer gives the other person the benefit of the doubt.

Question 24

the ‘therapy’ part

Answer 24

• Typically3‐20sessions
  ○ CBT is considered to be brief(compared to psychoynamic etc.)
  
  • Initiallybeginwith2‐3sessionsofassessment
  • Actualinterventionsmayinvolve:
    ○ Guidedbehaviourchange(e.g.increasemore‘datenights’,giveonepartnermore autonomy) 
    ○ Skills‐basedsessions(e.g.communicationskills,decision‐makingskills) 
    ○ Cognitive‐basedsessions(e.g.Socraticquestioning)
  • Sessionswillhavebothpartnersintheroom(althoughsometherapists don’t)andwillencourageacouple‐perspective,notanindividual‐ perspectivewiththeworkthatthisdone