Rita upp modal model
:)
Problems with modal model
- the assumption that simply holding items in the short-term store for long enough would guarantee learning(this assumption is challenged by the principle of levels of processing)
- difficulty in accounting for some neuropsychological evidence(t.ex att folk kan ha impaired STM men bra LTM. och att folk kan ha impaired STM men va normala på WM-relaterade uppgifter)
Levels of processing
proposed theory that asserts that items that are more deeply processed will be better remembered
Vilka 3 koponenter består The multicomponent model av
- Phonological loop
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad(performs similar function as phonological loop but for visually and/or spatially encoded arrays).
- Central executive - controls the whole system
Central executive
Attentional controller rather than memory system.
- An attentionally limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems
* A major function of the central executive is that of attentional focus
* Another function attributed to the central executive is that of dividing attention between two or more tasks
Functions of the phonological loop(according to multicomponent model?)
- Acquiring language(both first language and secondary languages) - main function probably
- likely that the loop also facilitates acquisition of grammar, and probably also reading(nonword repetition test widely used in dyslexia diagnosis)
- Also helpful in understanding long sentences where u have to remember the first parts of the sentence until the last words in order to understand it(but the deficit in this does not impact everyday life - so the authors of the book do not think that’s a sufficient reason for short term verbal STM to be developed, evolutionarily speaking)
- can also help to control action(kmr ej ihåg hur men spännande iaf)
Nonword repetition test
a test where participants hear and attempt to repeat back nonwords that gradually increase in length
Semantic coding
processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in LTM
Two modes of control(enligt några)
- Automatic, based on existing habits
- Depending on an attentionally limited executive = SAS
Supervisory attentional system
Called into action when automatic conflict resolution is not possible, or when a novel situation arises. - Verkar va mkt likt central executive? SMH. men man tänker ksk att SAS e ett subsystem av central executive? Idk kmr nt ihåg kan också ba va ett liknande koncept fast från en annan teori o df har annat namn
- Frontal lobes are assumed to be the part of the brain necessary for adequate SAS operation
The episodic buffer
Proposed fourth component of multicomponent model
- Assumed to be a storage system that can hold about four chunks of information in a multidimensional code
Assumed to be able to hold episodes or chunks based on a range of different dimensions, including visual, verbal and semantic which may come from a range of sources in addition to working memory, notably including both perception and LTM
- Each of these sources uses a different code, but these can be combined within the multidimentional buffer
* Also proposed that information is retrieved from the episodic buffer through conscious awareness
E episodic buffer ett aktivt eller passivt system
In its initial form, the episodic buffer was assumed to be an active system, entirely controlled by the central executive. Was assumed to be capable of binding together previous unrelated concepts to create new combinations(t.ex ice-hockey-playing elephant)
BUT, in short: the buffer seems to be less like the center of action but rather like a passive screen, with the action originating and being controlled from somewhere else
(executive load has no more effect on binding than for example storage)
(process of binding words appears automatic)
Binding
term used to refer to the linking of features into objects, or of events into coherent episodes
Rita Current model of working memory(elaboration of 2000 model) av baddley 😀
😀
Working memory has proved to be able to predict a wide range of capacities.
High-span participants are better at:
- prose composition
- obeying complex instructions
- taking notes
- course concerning logic gates
- programming
- reasoning ability measures taken from standard IQ tests(but IQ tests appeared to depend somewhat more on prior experience, and the working memory measures somewhat more on speed. va?)
- fluid intelligence(venne va d e men bryr mig n)
There tends to be broad agreement that the component of WM that is most important for these cognitive abilities is an attentionally based control system(the central executive), with a smaller contribution for the simple storage of verbal and visuo-spatial material.
Cowan’s embedded process model
- Working memory defined as “cognitive processes that retain information in an unusually accessible state
- Working memory depends on activation from within LTM, and is controlled by attentional processes
- Activation is temporary and decays unless maintained through active verbal rehearsal or continued attention
- Activated LTM is multidimensional(as in episodic buffer concept)
- In contrast to multicomponent model(where information is downloaded from LTM and represented within the episodic buffer) Cowan suggests that a new representation is set up in LTM each time
- E inte så olik från/”inherently inconsistent” med multicomponent model enligt han som skrivit boken, main difference e typ huruvida det är nödvändigt att ha ett separate temporary storage(episodic buffer) eller allt kan ske i LTM
Engle’s inhibitory control model
Says performance on a complex span task is made difficult by the need to protect the memory of the presented items from proactive interference
- interference effect proved to be reliably greater in low working memory span participants.
Suggests that resistance to interference from earlier lists rather than learning capacity was the crucial factor
-Capacity to resist interference is not limited to memory(t.ex bättre på att ignorera stimuli) - Studies suggest there is a genuine and important link between complex span and capacity to resist interference, although it’s entirely plausible to assume that both reflect some kind of more general executive capacity that plays an equally important role in other cognitive functions
Two types of inhibition according to Friedman and Miyake(2004)
- Capacity to resist interference within memory
- Separate ability to inhibit a powerful response tendency(t.ex moving eyes to fixate on visual target that has just popped up)
Engle and Unsworth(2007) have developed a model that interprets individual differences in working memory in terms of two components. vilka?
- Primary memory - involves a dynamic attentional capacity for temporary maintenance of items and is reflected in the recess effect in free recall
- Secondary memory - involves capacity for cue-dependent search in LTM
Which brain region responsible for phonological loop(o mer specifikt för subvocal rehearsal)?
Region in the area between parietal and temporal lobe in left hemisphere responsible for phonological loop
* Broca’s area linked to subvocal rehearsal
Brain regions associated w visual memory
- Visual memory associated with activation in a series of areas mainly in the right hemisphere
- Spatial working memory activates more dorsal regions
- Object memory more concentrated on ventral areas
