WW1 Flashcards

Question

war communism

Answer 1

Also known as military communism, was an economic and political system in Soviet Russia after the civil war, nationalizing the industries and introducing a strict centralized management, along with the state controlling trade, discipline, obligatory labor, and no strikes.

Answer 2

Mostly due to world war 1 effects, with results of economic strain, public dissatisfaction, food shortages, and lack of approval of the government. Many nationalities got independence and the ability to form their own government.

Answer 3

The final settlement of the great war at the paris peace conference, ended world war 1.

Answer 4

Wilsonian idealism was there would be an open peace with all of the countries and there would be a league of nations with no more war. After the war however, Germany was deemed responsible for the war and peace fails in 1914.

Answer 5

The treaty of versailles resulted in germany paying back its damages done in war, and protection for germany and austria, system of mandates.

Answer 6

Forced Germany to take credit for starting the war and had to repay.

Answer 7

Germany had to repay with money reparations for starting the war, decrease their army, navy, and no air force.

Answer 8

Lithuania, poland, czechlovakia, austria, hungary, yugoslavia, finland, estonia, latvia.

Answer 9

Established by the league of nations, similar to colonies but supposed to follow interests of the people living there.

Answer 10

Key short term factors of WW1 included the Assassination of the Archduke, the July Crisis and Ultimatum of Serbia from Austria- Hungary which led to war during July. The alliance system which had a chain reaction Russia's mobilization to protect Serbia triggered Germany to form an alliance with Austria-Hungary. The Schlieffen plan also triggered WW1.

Answer 11

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist seeking to find freedom for the South Slavs from Austrian rule. The plan was backed up by the Black Hand secret society that was targeting the Austrian rulers to destroy their influence over Balkans. This triggered the Austrian empire to find an excuse to take over Serbia completely which caused Russia to want to protect them (Serbia).

Answer 12

The blank check was Germany agreeing to support Austria-Hungary no matter what. This was to solidify the alliance, prevent Austria to have more humiliation by backing down, and they believed war was inevitable.

Answer 13

World War 1 officially began July 28, 1914. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia caused by several short term factors as mentioned earlier.

Answer 14

This plan was Germany’s plan to avoid a two front-war by quickly defeating France and then shifting their forces towards Russia. A key part of the plan was invading Belgium without their consent to cross through France. This plan tragically failed.

Answer 15

A defensive military tactic involving long, deep, and fortified dug outs. Especially in the Western Front. The Trenches were filthy and wet, full of rats and horrible life conditions. They were in the area, 'No Man’s Land,' which was an exposed area with the trenches and barb wire which soldiers had to cross.

Answer 16

WW1 introduced machine guns, artillery (quick firing guns that caused shelling, bleeding ears), chemical weapons such as gas which caused blindness and suffocation, tanks introduced by Great Britain, airplanes that allowed one person to drive while the other shot at the enemy, and submarines. This all led to a deadly statement. 15 to 22 million died and 20 million wounded.

Answer 17

World War 1 was fought by two coalitions that were especially triggered after the assassination of the Archduke. The allies were Britain, France, and Russia later joined by Italy and the U.S. the central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire.

Answer 18

The main major battles occurred on the Western Front. The Battle of Marne was Germany being halted by Belgium into the advance of France. The Battle of Verdun was the longest battle of the war between France and German forces. The Battle of Somme was a British-French offensive notable for the first use of tanks. The first use of poisonous gas by Germany was in the Second Battle of Ypres.

Answer 19

The generation reached maturity during and just after World War I, a high proportion of whose men were killed during those years.

Answer 20

Weakened by absence of major powers such as USA which decreased military force. French and British fears of another war. Fear was caused by lack of military and alliances, but also the economic tension during this time as well as uprising of communist parties.

Answer 21

Was when France and Belgium occupied German industrial capital in order to force reparations from WW1.

Answer 22

The Dawes plan was created to stabilize the German economy and restructure reparations which ended the Ruhr occupation. It also altered banks and changed the currency of German marks in order to pay off war debts.

Answer 23

a series of seven agreements aimed at fostering post-WWI European stability by guaranteeing Germany's western borders with France and Belgium, confirming the Rhineland's demilitarization, and promoting peaceful dispute resolution.

Answer 24

was an international agreement where signatory nations promised not to use war to resolve disputes or conflicts. Signed by 15 nations on August 27, 1928, and later ratified by most world powers, it aimed to eliminate war as a national policy.

Answer 25

The 1929 stock market crash and the resulting Great Depression, which began in October 1929 and lasted through the 1930s, caused a massive global economic collapse. Triggered by speculation, debt, and overproduction, the crash wiped out billions in wealth, leading to bank failures, widespread unemployment.

Answer 26

Shift from Lazze fare economics.

Answer 27

Totalitarianism.

Answer 28

squadristi.

Answer 29

Fascist Laws and Organizations.

Answer 30

The rejection of democratic principles in Europe, often characterized by a shift toward authoritarian populism, has caused democratic backsliding, weakened the rule of law, and eroded civil liberties in nations like Hungary, Poland, and Turkey. This trend has increased political polarization, reduced trust in institutions, and allowed far-right movements to gain power.

Answer 31

The promotion of charismatic leaders in Europe has profoundly impacted the continent by enabling rapid political and social change, particularly during times of crisis. These leaders, often emerging during periods of high uncertainty, have been able to reduce public anxiety, create new social orders, and mobilize voters through compelling, emotionally driven visions.

Answer 32

Increased nationalism and the glorification of war in early 20th-century Europe fueled intense militarism, mass arms races, and aggressive foreign policies, directly causing World War I. These forces created widespread public enthusiasm for conflict, making diplomacy difficult and fostering a culture where war was viewed as a necessary, noble, and inevitable tool for national glory.

Answer 33

Exploration of post-WWII bitterness forced Europe to confront profound psychological trauma, widespread destruction, and moral ambiguity, catalyzing denazification, the rise of the New Left, and a move toward European unity. It transformed societal attitudes from wartime anger to a focus on rebuilding, humanitarian aid, and addressing the 'silence of the fathers' regarding Nazi crimes.

Answer 34

Terrorism in 20th-century Europe profoundly destabilized nations, shifting political landscapes from fragile democracies toward authoritarianism, nationalism, and violent extremism. It evolved from ideological anarchism to state-sponsored genocide under totalitarian regimes and, later, to separatist and extremist violence, forcing, in some cases, lasting democratic, security, and societal transformations.

Answer 35

Anti-semitism in Germany had a profound and devastating impact on Europe, primarily through the state-sponsored genocide of the Holocaust and the radicalization of pre-existing prejudices across the continent.

Answer 36

The 1923 Beer Hall Putsch failed to overthrow the German government but fundamentally impacted Europe by transforming Adolf Hitler from an obscure extremist into a national figure, shifting Nazi strategy toward legal power acquisition, and directly paving the way for the Third Reich's rise, which ultimately caused World War II and the Holocaust.

Answer 37

Mein Kampf directly shaped the ideological foundation of Nazi Germany, fueling the Holocaust and World War II by promoting Aryan supremacy, virulent antisemitism, and the expansionist goal of a Greater Germany. By 1939, over 5 million copies spread these radical ideologies, justifying aggressive policies that led to the deaths of millions and the destruction of Europe.

Answer 38

Lebensraum evolved from a geopolitical theory into a core part of Nazi ideology, originally meaning the species’ need for space to describe, but taken by Adolf Hitler to protest territorial losses from the Treaty of Versailles.

Answer 39

The Nuremberg laws were antisemetic statues used by Nazi Germany in 1935, during the Nuremberg Rally. It stripped Jews of citizenship, making them state subjects, and criminalized marriage and extramarital relations between Jewish people and citizens or ethnically German people.

Answer 40

Kristallnacht was the Night of Broken Glass, a state sponsored riot to massacre the Jewish people across Nazi Germany and Austria.

Answer 41

The Weimar Republic was Germany’s democratic government in the 1900s, established after ww1, collapsing due to structural, economic, and political failures such as hyperinflation, great depression, weak coalition governments, and the rise of extremist parties.

Answer 42

Lenin’s New Economic Policy was a short, pragmatic, mixed economy designed to help the war torn Soviet economy after the Russian civil war.

Answer 43

Trotsky was a Russian revolutionary and political theorist known as a key Bolshevik leader, marxist, and founder of the red army (playing a key role in the Russian Revolution).

Answer 44

Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union, who took it from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower during rapid industrialization.

Answer 45

In Nazi Germany, women were confined to being a mother and homemaker, with extreme propaganda for 'pure children', versus the USSR promoting the 'New Soviet Woman' which encouraged female participation in the workforce and in direct combat.

Answer 46

During the Stalinist area there was totalitarian police state government, characterized by mass repression, state sponsored terror, and eliminating 'enemies of the state'. Stalin had consolidated power during the Great Purge, with millions of death, along with millions imprisoned (in Gulag), deported, or executed.

Answer 47

5 year plan: there was heavy industrialization and specific state quotas, collectivization combined small peasant farms into kolokohzy. People very unhappy, totalitarian rule, made russia good industrial economy.

Answer 48

Try to get rid of capitalism, kulaks were independent farmers but put out the most so there was a collapse.

Answer 49

People unhappy, forced collectivization, impossible quotas. Blocklisted if they couldn't meet quotas and created internal passports so people from Ukraine couldn't flee to get food elsewhere.

Answer 50

If a man's political party was different from the government the wife would also get twice the punishment, kids would be left to be 're-educated' in a orphanage.

Answer 51

Democracy often failed, often made sure stayed in power but people still allowed to practice religion mostly.

Answer 52

Francisco franco conservative leads against popular front democratic gov. Italy and germany provide lots of aid for franco.

Answer 53

Italy provided naval support, CTV (supplied soldiers), aircraft. Germany provided conjor legion (elite) first major bombing.

Answer 54

Create mass culture, low cost, advances consumerism, uniform national culture.

Answer 55

There was an increase in technological advancements post world war 1. Cinema and Radio brought music especially jazz and new/sports directly to homes. Propaganda and politics were also broadcasted through radios especially by the Nazi.

Answer 56

The New Movements in Art included Surrealism, Dadaism, and German Expressionism. They used illogical scenes, absurdity, and consumer imagery to challenge rationalism, war, and materialism. They were heavily influenced by psychoanalysis and aimed to disrupt bourgeois norm.

Answer 57

German Expressionism was a raw, emotional, and political artistic reaction to the trauma of war and the economic collapse. Artists focused on portraying the inner tormenting physic state. The expressionism included the horror of the trenches, mutilated bodies, etc. The main artist who started it was George Grosz and Otto Dix.

Answer 58

Dadaism was born in Zurich as a protests against WW1. It was known as the anti-art that that rejected the traditional aesthetic and intellectual foundations of 'high' art. It was mostly created to bring about confusion, rage, and shock. Dadaism influenced Surrealism. It came from Tristan Tzara that said the acts of life had no beginning or end. Hannah Hoch was one of the only ones that used photomontage she criticized the new women through fashion but also created a positive image of her freedoms in her Dada Dance work.

Answer 59

Surrealism explored the subconscious mind, dreams, and the irrational. It was defined by Andre Breton and it used techniques automatism and unexpected juxtapositions to create bizarre, dreamlike imagery. Juxtapositions was the placing of ordinary objects in unfamiliar contents. It was intended to challenge societal, moral, and rational constraints. Salvador Dali was the high priest in doing this kind of art especially with juxtapositions in his work of Persistence of Memory which made people question the rational.

Answer 60

Functionalism was a dominant, revolutionary architectural and design movement. It was driven by the philosophy of, 'form follows function.' It transformed urban landscapes, favoring unadorned facades, flat roofs, and open floor plains for industrial age. It aimed to create machines for living.

Answer 61

During the 1920s, literature was deeply incorporated into the Freudian concept of the unconscious mind to challenge the Victorian traditions. It questioned western values that were shattered by WW1. There was a 'literary turn inward' which included Modernism, that used techniques like stream-of-consciousness to explore the subjective, often irrational, inner lives of people.

Answer 62

Carl Jung was a psychiatrist and influential thinking who founded analytical psychology which means a unique therapeutic approach on unconscious and conscious elements to achieve psychological wholeness. He created the theory of 'collective unconscious' that have repository memories that all humans share that contain archetypes and they contain mental forms or images that come in dreams. These have no human source since their origin is buried so far in the past. He also believed that the unconscious was an opening to the deep spiritual needs and ever-great vistas for humans rather than a seat of repressed desires (what Sigmund Freud argued).

Answer 63

The uncertainty principle was created by German physicist Werner Heisenberg he argued that no one could determine the path of an electron since even looking at an electron with light affected it’s location. This meant that all laws in physics were rooted in uncertainty. This destroyed the belief that with understanding physics everything could be understood.

Answer 64

Rationalism emphasizes logic, reason, and empirical, structured thought, Surrealism advocated for exploring the unconscious mind, dreams, and the irrational as a way to access a higher, 'true' reality. All of these movements were to go against everything that had been believed to be true before WW1 which is believed to have caused it. Like rationalism. Dadism focuses on the absurdity of it.

WW1 Flashcards

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