MANIA
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination
Militarism in WW1
-Industrialism: mass produced weapons
-Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships
-British feared an attack on their empire
-Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their army
-Britain was the dominant global naval power
Alliances
-Triple Entente: alliance between Russia, France, and Britain
-Triple Alliance: alliance between Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany
These alliances mean one spark can start a war
Nationalism
-Slavic nationalism in the Baltics
-Ottoman empire is the “sick man of Europe”
-Russia and Austria-Hungary compete for Ottoman territory
-Independent Serbia sought to create a state of all Slavs (Yugoslavia)
Imperialism
-Competition for colonies viewed as zero-sum gain (one country’s gain is another’s loss)
-Leads to crisis between European powers
Assassination
-Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne is assassinated
-Serbian nationalist kills him (member of the Black Hand - Serbian terrorist group)
-Russia=ally to Serbia, declares war on Austria
-Germany=ally of Austria, declares war on Serbia, Russia, and France
-Great Britain declares war on Germany and Austria
WW1
Total war - everyone is involved (not just government, civilians too)
Expansion of gov. powers
- drafts of men
- planned economies (gov. controls wages, rent, prices, etc)
- rationing
- censorship
Schlieffen Plan
Avoid war on 2 fronts
Battle of the Somme
- July 1916
- Goal: drain German army of troops/resources and relieve pressure at Verdun
Eastern Front
Where: Russia
- more thinly manned than western front
- success against Austria-Hungary, but loss against Germany
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- March 3, 1918
- Russia withdraws from the war
Arab Alliance
Britain promises to support Arab struggle for independence
Zionism
Movement that aspired to the creation of a sovereign Jewish state
Armenian Genocide
- Young turks took power in 1915
- During winter of 1914-1915, Armenian men who had been drafted into the Ottoman army were stripped of their weapons and killed
- 250 Armenian leaders were arrested, marking the beginning of the Armenian genocide
- Violence lasted for 3 years and killed 1.5 million Armenians
- Mass murder was ordered by the Turkish gov.
Central Powers collapse
- Russia withdrew in March of 1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (this allows Germany to send its forces to the Western front)
- American troops + allies + tanks = advance on Germany
- Ottomans surrender first
- November 1918 - Germany declares itself a Republic and representatives meet with the French and sign an Armistice
Legacy
- Use of new technology
- War on a global scale
- Loss of human life (8.5 million soldiers killed - 21 million wounded)
- Cost of war: $338 billion
- Destroyed acres of farmland
Goals of the Big 4
Britain:
- germans should pay
- new colonies
USA:
- germany shouldn’t pay
- league of nations
France:
- germany should pay
- alsace-lorraine
- geographic buffer zone
Italy:
- land
- seat at the table
Treaty of Versailles
- Paris Peace Conference: June 1919
- Goal: severely punish Germany
- Russia not included
- Germany should not be a part of negotiations
–loss of territory
–forced to demilitarize
–reparations
Why treaty of versaille fails
- America does not join League of Nations
- League of Nations was weak
- Germany is punished too harshly
- Germany cannot pay reparations
- Germany is sad = hitler gets power
14 Points Speech categories
- Spread democracy
- Open market
- Intl. Organization to keep the peace
- Active global role for the US
Article 231
War Guilt Clause
