1
Q
Brief METARS, TAFs, and Progs
A
- aviationweather.gov
2
Q
Are METAR winds magnetic
A
- Written is TRUE
3
Q
TAFs are valid for
A
- 24/30 hours
4
Q
What’s the difference between FM, BECMG and TEMPO
A
- From is an abrupt change
- BECMG is a gradual change
- Last less than 1 hour and expected to occur less than half of the time period
5
Q
What’s the area of a TAF
What is the area of the vicinity of a TAF
A
- 5sm
- 5 - 10sm in the vicinity
6
Q
What is the jet stream
Where is it found
When is it the strongest
When is it charted
How do you tell its velocity and direction on a weather chart?
A
- Jet streams are narrow bands of strong wind, of at least 60kts, that blow from west to east (westerly)
- Polar and Subtropical jet streams
- Follow the boundaries between hot and cold air
- Follows the sun
- Strongest in the winter
- Depicted on chart when 80kts or more
- Pennants and Barbs indicate the speed
- Arrow indicates the direction
7
Q
When a jetstream is more than _______ CAT can be expected
CAT area can extend how far
Where will you find the turbulence(CAT) associated with the JetStream
- Moderate CAT is likely when the vertical and horizontal shear is
A
- CAT can be expected when the Jetstream is more than 110kts
- Areas of CAT are 100 to 300 miles long, 50 to 100 miles wide and 5,000’ deep
- CAT can be found
o Close to the Tropopause
o Above and below the core
o On the polar side/Low pressure/High QNH
o At the base and upwind of the trough
• Especially if the trough is downwind from a strong temperature advection(movement of air)
o West of the Trough near the maximum wind - Moderate CAT is likely when
o Vertical shear is 5kts or greater per 1,000’
o Horizontal shear is 40kts or greater per 150 miles
8
Q
How should you avoid a thunderstorm?
A
- 20nm upwind
9
Q
What are the associated weather systems with low pressure systems?
A
- Low Pressure system generally brings clouds and precipitation
10
Q
What are the associated weather systems with a high pressure systems?
A
- High pressure system generally brings clear skies and dry weather
11
Q
What are the associated weather systems with Cold Fronts,
A
- Cold Front: warm air is forced up, leads to narrow band of showers and thunderstorms ahead of the front
12
Q
What are the associated weather systems with Warm fronts,
A
- Warm Front: warm air gently slopes up, leads to widespread stratiform cloudiness and perception along and ahead of the front
13
Q
What are the associated weather systems with Stationary Fronts
A
- Stationary Front: warm air gently slopes up, leads to clouds and precip along the front
14
Q
What are the associated weather systems with Occluded Fronts
A
- Occluded Front: Cold front caches up to a warm front, leads to clouds, thunderstorms, and precip along, ahead and behind the front
15
Q
Define Icing Conditions
A
- On the ground when OAT is 10° C (50° F) or below when operating on ramps, taxiways or runways with snow, ice, standing water or slush.
- In Flight when TAT is 10° C (50° F) and visible moisture in any form is present (such as clouds, fog with visibility of one mile or less, rain, snow, sleet and ice crystals).
16
Q
Types of Prog Charts
A
- Surface, Low, Med, High
17
Q
What can you find on Sfc/Low/Mid/high Prog charts show
A
- High and Low Pressure Centers, Troughs and ridges
- Tropopause Heights
- Fronts
- CBs
- TS
- Squall lines
- Hurricanes
- Turbulence
- Icing
- Precipitation
- IFR/MFR/VFR conditiond
18
Q
Surface Prog Chart forecast and frequency
A
- Prog Charts are forecasts for surface conditions. o Flights within CONUS - Current o Every 3 hours - 12 Hour Forecast o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z - 24 Hour Forecast o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z - 36 Hour Forecast o 2x a day: 0Z, 12Z - 48 Hour Forecast o 2x a day: 0Z, 12Z - 60(2.5 days) Hour Forecast o 2x a day: 0Z, 12Z - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 day forecast o 1x a day: 12Z
19
Q
Low Level Prog charts forecast and frequency
A
- Prog Charts are forecasts for conditions below 24,000’
o Flights within CONUS - 12 hour(Lt) and 24 hour(Rt) forecast
o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
20
Q
Mid Level Prog charts forecast and frequency
A
- Prog Charts are forecasts for conditions between FL10 and FL450
o Enroute, covering the NAT - 24 hour(Rt) forecast
o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
21
Q
High Level Prog charts forecast and frequency
A
- Prog Charts are forecasts for conditions between FL250 and FL630
o International flights - 24 hour forecast
o 4x a day: 0Z, 6Z, 12Z,18Z
22
Q
Draw Rain on a Prog Chart
A
- Draw
23
Q
Draw drizzle on a Prog Chart
A
- draw
24
Q
Draw Rain Shower on a Prog Chart
A
- draw
25
Draw Snow Shower on a Prog Chart
| - draw
- draw
26
Draw a TS on a Prog Chart
- draw
27
Draw Freezing Rain on a Prog Chart
- draw
28
Draw Intermittent snow on a Prog Chart
- draw
29
Draw Continuous rain on a Prog Chart
- draw
30
Draw rain showers covering half or less the area on a Prog Chart
- draw
31
Draw rain showers and Ts covering more than half of the area on a Prog Chart
- draw
32
Draw Cold Front, Frontogenesis, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart
- Draw
33
Draw Warm front, Frontogenesis, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart
- draw
34
Draw Stationary Front, Frontogenesis, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart
- Draw
35
Draw Occluded front, Frontolysis on a Prog Chart
- Draw
36
Draw a change of Front on a Prog Chart
- draw
37
Draw Trough on a Prog Chart
- draw
38
Draw Squall line on a Prog Chart
- draw
39
Draw Dry line on a Prog Chart
- draw
40
Draw Tropical wave on a Prog Chart
- draw
41
Draw Radioactive material release on a Prog Chart
- draw
42
Draw volcanic eruption on a Prog Chart
- Draw
| - The Dot defines location of volcano
43
Draw Jetstream on a Prog Chart
When is it depicted?
Height is in _____?
- Depicted when 80kts or more
- Wind speed maximums along the jet core
- Height is listed as FL (Pressure Alt)
44
Draw Jet depth on a Prog Chart
Vertical depth is included when the speed is more than _______
Jet depth extends until _____kt
The charted speed is the ________ speed
- Draw
- Jet stream vertical depth (FL/Pressure Altitudes) forecasts are included when the maximum speed is 120 knots or more.
- Jet depth is the vertical depth to the 80kt wind field above and below the jet stream
- Placed at max speed, normally 1 point on Jetstream
45
Draw a jet with wind speed change of ____ kts on a Prog Chart
- Wind speed change of 20 kts from jet maxima
46
Draw Tropopause Height, Max and Min Tropopause Height Box on a Prog Chart
Height of Tropopause is in _______
- Draw
| - MSL
47
Draw CB on Prog Chart on a prog chart
CB are considered _______
- Draw
- Are TS clouds/convective
- Moderate to severe Icing, Turb
- Hail
48
Draw a Tropical Depression, Tropical Cyclone, Hurricane on a Prog Chart on a prog chart
- Draw
49
Draw Moderate, severe, and extreme turbulence on Prog Chart on a prog chart
- Draw
50
Draw Top and bases on a prog chart
height is listed in _______
when is the height omitted
- Draw
- In MSL
- If base height is omitted, weather phenomena extends to the ground
51
Draw IFR, MVFR and VFR on a prog chart
IFR is a _____________
Ceiling is ______ Vis is _____
MVFR is a _____________
Ceiling is _______ Vis is _______
VFR is ________
- Draw
- IFR: Red solid line
o Ceiling less than 1,000, Vis less than 3sm
- MVFR: Blue Scalloped line
o Celling between 1,000 to 3,000 , VIS 3-5sm
- VFR: blank
52
Draw AREAS of moderate or greater Turbulence on a prog chart
Turb is a ___________ line
Turb due to a TS is _________
TS imply ____________
- Draw
- Bold, dashed, brown lines
- Turbulence due to a TS is not shown
o TS imply possible server or greater turbulence, icing and LLWS
53
Draw Moderate and Sever icing on a prog Chart
- Draw
54
Draw the Freezing level on a prog chart
Freezing level is a ___________ with a height listed as _______ in __________ intervals
Freezing level on the ground is _________
- Dashed blue line in hundreds of feet MSL, at 4,000’ intervals
- Blue saw toothed symbol denotes Freezing at the surface
55
Draw Non-Convective and Convective Cloud(CB’s) with
Non Convective CBs are found on the ______
Convective CBs are found on the ____
CBs imply
- Draw
- Red Scalloped Lines
- Non – Convective only on Mid-level prog Chart
- Convective Clouds on High-level prog chart
- CBs imply Moderate or severe Icing and/or Moderate or severe Turbulence on a prog chart
56
Draw CAT on a prog chart
CAT is a _________ line
Level of turbulence is ________
Turb is from __________
- Yellow dashed line around Jetsream
- Moderate or sever turbulence:
o Wind shear zones
o Mountain Waves
• Convective or TS turb is not id
57
Draw Sand Storm and Dust Storm on a prog chart
SS or DS with an arrow means
SS or DS with NO arrow means
- Draw
- With an Arrow: Widespread sand or dust storm
- NO arrow: Severe sand or dust storm
58
What does XXX mean on a prog chart
- XXX when Wx phenomena is above or below the charted area
59
# Define Isol on a prog chart
Isol is only depicted when _________
- Isolated, less than 4/8th (1/2th) coverage
| - Isolated or scattered CBs are only depicted when embedded in clouds or concealed in haze
60
Define OCNL on a prog chart
- Occasional, 4/8th (1/2th) to 6/8th (2/3rd)
61
Define FRQ on a prog chart
Define FRQ on a prog chart
| - Frequent, more than 6/8th (2/3rd)
62
Define EMBD
- Embedded in clouds or concealed by haze
63
TS imply on a prog chart
- possible server or greater turbulence, icing and LLWS
64
What does CB mean on a sig prog
- Thunderstorm
- Moderate or sever Icing
- Moderate or sever turbulence
- Hail
65
What is the importance of knowing the height of the Tropopause
- Alt at which the temp becomes constant
o Performance and Fuel Calculations
- Indication of the Location of Jet Stream and Turbulence associated with them
- Turbulence can extend well into the tropopause
- In general clouds and weather occur below the tropopause but convective systems can break thru
66
What is Frontogenesis
- Formation of a front
67
What is Frontolysis
- Dissipation of a front
68
What is a trough
What weather is associated with a Trough
- A trough is an elongated (extended) region of relatively low atmospheric pressure, often associated with fronts. Troughs may be at the surface, or aloft, or both under various conditions.
- Most troughs bring clouds, showers, and a wind shift, particularly following the passage of the trough.
69
What is a ridge
What weather is associated with a Ridge
- elongated area of high pressure
- Fair weather is usually associated with ridges; air under a ridge sinks, which is not conducive for the development of clouds and precipitation. If you're under a ridge during the summer, conditions are usually hot and dry. ...
70
what is a squall line
What weather is associated with a Squall Line
- a continuous or broken line of active thunderstorms and precipitation with 5/8 coverage or greater
- TS, turb, icing, perception, LLWS
71
What is a dry line
What weather is associated with a dry line
- A boundary separating moist and dry air masses, and an important factor in severe weather
- Super-Cell TS and tornadoes
72
What is a tropical wave
What weather is associated with a Tropical Wave
- a trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade wind easterlies
- Tropical Storms
73
What is NHC PSN on a Prog Chart
- National Hurricane Center Position
74
What does the Following on a Prog chart mean
Sub T.D. Four
39.3N 63.4W
NHC PSN
- Subtropical Depression Four(name)
- Location
- National Hurricane Center Position
75
What is TC on a Prog Chart
- Tropical Cyclone
76
What is VA on a Prog Char
- Volcanic Ash
77
Types of Tropical Cyclones
- Tropical Depression
- Tropical Storm
- Hurricane
78
A Tropical Depression has sustained winds up to _______
- 34 kts
79
A Tropical storm has sustained winds of _______
- 35 to 64 kts
80
A Hurricane has sustained winds of at least _______
- 65 kts
81
What Direction do Tropical Cyclones move
- West to northwest while in low latitudes
| - North to North-East in mid-latitudes
82
What is outflow on a prog chart
- The air that flows outwards from a storm system
83
Draw a Convergence line
- Draw
84
What is a convergence line
- are bands of cloud and rain - formed when winds from two directions collide
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