(01) Introduction

Question 1

What factors affect an immune response?

Answer 1

• age, nutritional status, host genetics, drugs, confounders/co-infections, stress, smoking

Question 2

What type of immunology is self from non-self? Self from altered self? Damaged self?

Answer 2

• infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites)
• neoplasia
• injury

Question 3

Is innate immunity specific? Adaptive?

Answer 3

• not specific

- specific

Question 4

What are the humoral components of Innate immunity?

Answer 4

• complement
• cytokines/chemokines
• antimicrobial peptides

Question 5

What are the cellular components of innate immunity?

Answer 5

• monocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells)
• natural killer cells
• granulocytes (mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils)

Question 6

What are the humoral components of the adaptive immunity?

Answer 6

• antibodies

Question 7

What are cellular components of the adaptive immunity?

Answer 7

• B cells

- T cells (helper t cells, cytotoxic cells, regulatory T cells)

Question 8

What does innate immunity recognize? How about adaptive?

Answer 8

• proteins or entire pathogen

- epitopes (AA sequences on pathogens)

Question 9

What is immunity mediated by? Where an immunocytes derived?

Answer 9

• organs, cells, and molecules

- bone marrow during hematopoesis

Question 10

Three synonyms for innate and acquired?

Answer 10

• natural, existing, non-clonal

- acquired, induced, clonal

Question 11

What are the three components of the immune system?

Answer 11

• Soluble components, Cellular components, tissues

Question 12

What are the soluble components of the immune system released by? What do they do? What can they have direct action on?

Answer 12

• immune cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, other cells
• Affect differentiation and activities of immune cells
• invading pathogens or tumors

Question 13

What types of responses are carried out by the cellular components of the immune system?

Answer 13

• innate response and adaptive response

Question 14

What types of organs are there in the tissues of the immune system?

Answer 14

• primary and secondary organs

Question 15

Where do the cells of the immune system originate? Where do they migrate through? Where do they then mature and function?

Answer 15

• bone marrow
• blood and lymphatic system
• peripheral tissues

Question 16

All cells of the immune system arise from what? What drive differentiation down each pathway?

Answer 16

• bone marrow precursors

- cytokines

Question 17

What can be quickly distributed to the tissues in response to an inflammatory stimulus?

Answer 17

• neutrophils

Question 18

Both innate and adaptive immunity rely on what? What is another name for these?

Answer 18

• white blood cells

- leukocytes

Question 19

Where do leukocytes originate? In very young fetus?

Answer 19

• bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells

- liver and yolk sac

Question 20

Depending on the signal (receptor binding and cytokines) encountered, hematopoietic stem cells differentiate along which two pathways?

Answer 20

• myeloid or lymphoid pathway

Question 21

What are neutrophils aka? Are the they the most cellular component of innate immunity? What are they responsible for? What do nuclei look like? Life span? Difference in species?

Answer 21

• PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocyte)
• yes
• phagocytosis and digestion of bacteria and particles
• multi-lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules (stain with neutral dyes)
• 2 days
• (20-30% in ruminants, 65-75% in carnivores)

Question 22

What are the three types of granulocytes? What do they deal with mainly? Which one is associated with histamines?

Answer 22

• eosinophil, basophil, mast cell
• parasites (larger parasites)
• mast cells

Question 23

What is the most important phagocytic cell? What are some activites?

Answer 23

• macrophages

- regulating homeostatic processes and wound healing

Question 24

What are mononuclear cells found in the blood and all tissues? What does maturation/differentiation depend on? Life span?

Answer 24

• macrophages
• tissue factors
• months (in certain tissues)

Question 25

What is the role of macrophages? What do they secrete? What do they present to what?

Answer 25

- role in phagocytosis and killing of bacteria - pro-inflammatory cytokines - present processed antigens to T cells

Question 26

How abundant are dendritic cells? What tissues are they found in? Where do they migrate to?

Answer 26

- found in low numbers in tissues - skin, intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive mucosae - to draining lymph nodes following pathogen uptake

Question 27

What are the most important antigen presenting cell? What do they provide a link between? What are the two origins?

Answer 27

- dendritic cells - innate and adaptive immunity - lymphocytic or myeloid origin

Question 28

Where do lymphocytes arise from? Where do B cells mature? Where do T cells differentiate? What is their shape? Can they be distinguished visually?

Answer 28

- lymphoid progenitor in bone marrow or bursa (leave bone marrow when partially mature) - lymph nodes - differentiate in thymus - small and round - no

Question 29

What is used to distinguish lymphocyte classes?

Answer 29

- surface markers

Question 30

What do lymphocytes mediate?

Answer 30

- adaptive (antigen-specific) immunity

Question 31

Where are lymphocytes found? What happens once they are selected?

Answer 31

- in blood and lymphoid organs | - undergo clonal replication

Question 32

Are natural killers cells T cells (lymphocytes)? Do NK cells have different antigen receptors than B and T cells? Do they require thymus for maturation? What % of blood lymphocytes do they account for?

Answer 32

- no (but are of this lineage) - yes - no - 15% (most in secondary lymphoid organs)

Question 33

What is the main function of NK cells?

Answer 33

- kill tumor cells and virally-infected cells (possess an Fc receptor - allows them to bind to many types of antibodies)

Question 34

Adaptive or Innate? 1. Immediate vs. Delayed Response 2. Receptors Rearrange vs. Pre-formed molecules 3. Clonal expansion of cell subsets vs. specificity inherited in the genome 4. Response identical each exposure vs. response improves over time 5. mediated by mo, neutro, NK cells vs. T cells and B cells 6. Antigenic memory vs. no antigenic memory

Answer 34

1. IA 2. AI 3. AI 4. IA 5. IA 6. AI