1
Q
The largest internal organ of the gastrointestinal tract that performs synthetic detoxification excretory and storage functions
A
liver
2
Q
A liver function that produces albumin clotting factors and most plasma proteins except immunoglobulins
A
synthetic function
3
Q
A liver role that converts ammonia and many drugs into less toxic or excretable metabolites
A
detoxification function
4
Q
A liver capability that secretes bilirubin and bile salts into bile for elimination
A
excretory function
5
Q
A liver property that stores glycogen and fat‑soluble vitamins A + D + E + K
A
storage function
6
Q
A liver test panel component that evaluates synthetic capacity via oncotic pressure
A
albumin
7
Q
A liver metabolite whose elevation in serum indicates hepatic or biliary dysfunction
A
bilirubin
8
Q
A waste product whose plasma level rises when hepatic urea‑cycle activity is impaired
A
ammonia
9
Q
A liver enzyme set that signals hepatocellular injury when AST and ALT are elevated
A
AST + ALT
10
Q
A liver enzyme whose elevation is more specific for alcohol‑related and cholestatic liver disease
A
GGT
11
Q
A liver enzyme marker of biliary obstruction and certain bone diseases
A
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
12
Q
A liver‑derived protein that falls in chronic liver disease and malnutrition
A
albumin
13
Q
A liver test parameter that assesses bleeding risk through vitamin K‑dependent factor synthesis
A
prothrombin time
14
Q
A liver structure formed by hepatocytes arranged around a central vein in a hexagonal pattern
A
hepatic lobule
15
Q
A complex anatomic unit at each corner of a hepatic lobule
A
portal triad
16
Q
A portal triad vessel that delivers oxygen‑rich arterial blood from the heart
A
hepatic artery
17
Q
A portal triad vessel that brings nutrient‑rich portal blood from the gut
A
portal vein
18
Q
A portal triad channel that carries bile from hepatocytes
A
bile duct
19
Q
A narrow intercellular space that collects bile from hepatocytes
A
bile canaliculi
20
Q
A liver macrophage population that participates in phagocytosis and immune surveillance
A
Kupffer cells
21
Q
A liver vascular space that receives mixed blood from hepatic artery and portal vein
A
hepatic sinusoid
22
Q
A hepatic vein that drains sinusoidal blood toward the inferior vena cava
A
central vein
23
Q
A duct formed by union of right and left hepatic ducts
A
common hepatic duct
24
Q
A gallbladder‑derived duct that joins the common hepatic duct
A
cystic duct
25
A large duct that transports bile from liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
common bile duct
26
A yellow‑orange pigment derived from heme catabolism and excreted in bile
bilirubin
27
A conjugated form of bilirubin that is water‑soluble and secreted into bile
conjugated bilirubin
28
An albumin‑bound form of bilirubin found in plasma before hepatic conjugation
unconjugated bilirubin
29
A hemolytic condition that increases unconjugated bilirubin
hemolysis
30
A liver disease that elevates conjugated bilirubin by blocking bile flow
biliary obstruction
31
A clinical state where bilirubin accumulation causes yellow discoloration of skin and sclera
jaundice
32
A liver process that converts ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes into urea
urea‑cycle activity
33
A liver enzyme whose marked elevation strongly suggests hepatocellular necrosis
AST + ALT
34
A liver enzyme pattern dominated by ALP rise with smaller ALT increase
cholestatic pattern
35
A liver enzyme pattern with prominent AST + ALT elevation but modest ALP
hepatocellular pattern
36
A liver test panel that integrates enzymes + bilirubin + proteins for hepatic‑injury classification
liver function test panel
37
A liver‑synthetic indicator that drops in cirrhosis and end‑stage disease
albumin
38
A liver test used to monitor chronic liver‑disease progression
albumin + INR + bilirubin
39
A liver enzyme whose elevation can mimic cardiac or muscle injury but originates from skeletal muscle
CK
40
A myocardial‑specific isoform of CK useful in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction
CK‑MB
41
A liver‑derived enzyme that can be measured in amniotic fluid to support neural‑tube defect diagnosis
acetylcholinesterase
42
A red‑cell enzyme deficiency that predisposes to hemolysis after drugs such as primaquine
glucose‑6‑phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
43
A liver‑test parameter that reflects vitamin K status and coagulation
prothrombin time
44
A liver‑test parameter that falls in severe synthetic dysfunction
albumin
45
A liver‑test parameter that increases in widespread hepatocellular injury
AST + ALT
46
A liver‑test parameter that rises in biliary obstruction and alcohol‑related liver disease
GGT + ALP
47
A liver‑test parameter that goes up in hemolytic anemia
unconjugated bilirubin + LDH
48
A liver‑test pattern suggesting mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic damage
mixed AST + ALT + ALP elevation
49
A yellow‑orange pigment derived from heme catabolism that is processed by the liver
bilirubin
50
A storage form of glucose synthesized and stored in the liver
glycogen
51
A fat‑soluble vitamin group stored in the liver that includes vitamins A + D + E + K
fat‑soluble vitamins
52
A water‑soluble vitamin stored in the liver along with iron
vitamin B12
53
A bilirubin‑albumin complex covalently bound that appears in severe hepatic obstruction
delta bilirubin (biliprotein)
54
A bilirubin fraction that is not water‑soluble and must be bound to albumin in plasma
unconjugated bilirubin
55
A bilirubin fraction that is water‑soluble and can be excreted into bile and urine
conjugated bilirubin
56
A lab term for bilirubin that only reacts with diazotized sulfanilic acid in the presence of an accelerator
indirect bilirubin
57
A lab term for bilirubin that reacts with diazotized sulfanilic acid without an accelerator
direct bilirubin
58
A calculated bilirubin fraction obtained by subtracting direct bilirubin from total bilirubin
indirect bilirubin
59
A normal total bilirubin reference range in adults
0.2–1 mg/dL
60
A bilirubin fraction that should not exceed 0.2 mg/dL in healthy adults
conjugated bilirubin
61
A bilirubin type that rises in hemolytic disease of the newborn
unconjugated bilirubin
62
A bilirubin level in newborns associated with risk of brain deposition when >20 mg/dL
total bilirubin
63
A bilirubin form that increases in prehepatic jaundice from excessive red‑cell destruction
unconjugated bilirubin
64
A bilirubin fraction that predominates in hepatic jaundice
both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
65
A bilirubin fraction that increases in obstructive cholestatic jaundice
conjugated bilirubin
66
A yellow discoloration of skin and sclera caused by bilirubin accumulation
jaundice
67
A bilirubin threshold at which jaundice becomes clinically visible
3–5 mg/dL
68
A neurological complication in infants where unconjugated bilirubin deposits in brain tissue
kernicterus
69
A liver inflammation state that can elevate both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
hepatitis
70
A chronic liver disease where scar tissue replaces normal parenchyma
cirrhosis
71
A progressive autoimmune liver disease with destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts
primary biliary cirrhosis
72
A common cause of cirrhosis related to long‑term ethanol use
chronic alcoholism
73
A type of liver cancer that arises from hepatocytes
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
74
A liver cancer that originates from bile duct epithelium
bile duct carcinoma
75
A benign liver tumor frequently seen on imaging
hemangioma
76
A benign epithelial liver tumor associated with oral contraceptive use
hepatocellular adenoma
77
A childhood metabolic disorder with fatty liver and encephalopathy after aspirin
Reye syndrome
78
A condition where drugs cause hepatic injury more often through immune‑mediated mechanisms
drug‑induced liver injury
79
A drug‑induced hepatic injury commonly associated with acetaminophen
hepatotoxicity
80
A substance most closely linked to chronic alcoholic liver disease
ethanol
81
A scoring system used to assess severity of alcoholic hepatitis
Maddrey discriminant function
82
A scoring system for predicting mortality in end‑stage liver disease
MELD score
83
A parasitic infection that can cause obstructive jaundice by blocking bile ducts
Fasciola hepatica
84
A tapeworm infection occasionally associated with biliary‑tree obstruction
Taenia infection
85
A malaria‑related complication that can elevate bilirubin
hemolytic malaria
86
A hemolytic condition that raises unconjugated bilirubin after transfusion
hemolytic transfusion reaction
87
A laboratory finding where urine bilirubin is absent but urobilinogen is increased
prehepatic jaundice
88
A lab pattern with increased urine bilirubin and decreased urine urobilinogen
posthepatic obstructive jaundice
89
A hepatic jaundice pattern with elevated unconjugated plus conjugated bilirubin and variable urine bilirubin
hepatocellular jaundice
90
A stool appearance associated with complete biliary obstruction
acholic stool
91
A stool color associated with normal bile flow and stercobilin production
dark stool
92
A urine finding where urobilinogen is markedly increased in hemolytic disease
elevated urine urobilinogen
93
A urine test component that becomes positive when conjugated bilirubin is present
urine bilirubin
94
A prehepatic condition causing elevated unconjugated bilirubin from excessive RBC destruction
hemolytic anemia
95
A hepatic disease characterized by fibrosis and nodular regeneration
cirrhosis
96
A hepatic disease with chronic biliary‑duct obstruction and autoimmune features
primary biliary cirrhosis
97
A posthepatic cause of jaundice due to gallstones in the common bile duct
gallstones/cholelithiasis
98
A hepatic disease with viral hepatocyte injury
hepatitis
99
A hepatic disease with alcohol‑related steatosis and inflammation
alcoholic steatohepatitis
100
A hepatic disease reflecting advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis
alcoholic cirrhosis
101
A rare inherited unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia caused by a defect in bilirubin transport and storage
Lucey‑Driscoll syndrome
102
A familial unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with reduced activity of UDP‑glucuronosyltransferase or ligandin
Crigler‑Najjar syndrome
103
A mild inherited unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with partial UDPGT deficiency and reduced ligandin activity
Gilbert syndrome
104
A neonatal condition characterized by transient unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the first week of life
neonatal jaundice
105
A neonatal threshold for unconjugated bilirubin beyond which kernicterus becomes a serious risk
>20 mg/dL
106
A treatment for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia involving replacement of infant blood
exchange transfusion
107
A benign inherited hyperbilirubinemia with predominantly conjugated bilirubin and dark‑pigmented liver
Dubin‑Johnson syndrome
108
A defect in the canalicular MDR2/cMOAT transporter that prevents normal bilirubin excretion
Dubin‑Johnson syndrome
109
A benign inherited hyperbilirubinemia with elevated conjugated bilirubin due to defective hepatic uptake or storage
Rotor syndrome
110
A laboratory finding in Dubin‑Johnson syndrome where conjugated bilirubin is increased but enzyme levels are normal
isolated hyperbilirubinemia
111
A laboratory finding in Rotor syndrome where both conjugated bilirubin and certain liver proteins are elevated
conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
112
A bilirubin fraction that is elevated in Gilbert and Crigler‑Najjar syndromes
unconjugated bilirubin (B1)
113
A bilirubin fraction that is elevated in Dubin‑Johnson and Rotor syndromes
conjugated bilirubin (B2)
114
A bilirubin‑processing inhibitor thought to reduce conjugation efficiency in familial hyperbilirubinemia
circulating conjugation inhibitor
115
A bilirubin‑binding protein whose deficiency contributes to Gilbert syndrome
ligandin
116
A genetic inheritance pattern for Gilbert syndrome
autosomal recessive
117
A specimen type preferred for bilirubin measurement because it avoids hemolysis
serum or plasma
118
A preanalytic requirement for bilirubin samples to prevent photooxidation
protect from light
119
A factor that artificially lowers bilirubin when hemolyzed samples are used with diazo reagents
hemolysis interference
120
A condition that can falsely increase bilirubin due to turbidity in highly lipemic samples
lipemia interference
121
A bilirubin fraction that contributes to the measured conjugated bilirubin because of its covalent binding to albumin
delta bilirubin (biliprotein)
122
A bilirubin storage condition that preserves activity at room temperature
2 days in the dark at room temperature
123
A bilirubin storage condition that maintains stability for about 1 week
4°C for 1 week
124
A bilirubin storage condition suitable for long‑term reference
−20°C indefinitely
125
A reference method for bilirubin that uses the Jendrassik‑Grof modification of diazo reaction
Modified Jendrassik‑Grof
126
A diazo‑based bilirubin assay that uses diazotized sulfanilic acid without an accelerator
direct bilirubin assay
127
A diazo‑based bilirubin assay that uses an accelerator to detect unconjugated bilirubin
total bilirubin assay
128
A mathematical relation used to calculate unconjugated bilirubin
indirect bilirubin = total bilirubin – direct bilirubin
129
A classic diazo bilirubin method that forms azobilirubin
Van den Bergh reaction
130
A diazo reaction product that gives a pink‑to‑red color proportional to bilirubin
azobilirubin
131
A diazo method using hydrochloric acid and sulfanilic acid without a buffer
Malloy‑Evelyn method
132
A diazo method using acetate buffer and optimized reagent strength
Jendrassik‑Grof method
133
A diazo accelerator used in the Jendrassik‑Grof procedure
accelerator reagent
134
A bilirubin assay that does not require a separate accelerator and uses a single reagent
direct spectrophotometric bilirubin assay
135
A bilirubin assay that relies on skin‑reflectance measurements in infants
bilirubinometry
136
A bilirubin assay that uses a visual color‑matching standard with potassium dichromate
icterus index
137
A normal total bilirubin reference range in adults
0.2–1.0 mg/dL
138
A normal direct bilirubin reference range
0.0–0.2 mg/dL
139
A normal indirect bilirubin reference range
0.2–0.8 mg/dL
140
A conversion factor to change bilirubin from mg/dL to µmol/L
17.1
141
A critical bilirubin level above which immediate intervention is often considered in adults
>18 mg/dL
142
A bilirubin assay pattern where unconjugated bilirubin predominates in hemolytic jaundice
indirect bilirubin positive
143
A bilirubin pattern where both direct and indirect bilirubin rise in hepatocellular disease
biphasic bilirubin increase
144
A bilirubin pattern where direct bilirubin predominates in obstructive jaundice
direct bilirubin positive
145
A liver function test that evaluates hepatic synthetic capacity and bleeding risk
prothrombin time
146
A clotting factor deficiency that can result from impaired bile flow and poor vitamin K absorption
vitamin K‑dependent factor deficiency
147
A laboratory parameter that estimates overall hepatic synthetic reserve
albumin
148
A serum‑protein parameter that reflects immune activation and chronic disease
globulin
149
A liver‑function ratio that falls below 1.0 in chronic liver disease
albumin‑to‑globulin ratio (A/G)
150
A serum protein that is decreased in chronic liver disease due to reduced synthetic capacity
albumin
151
A globulin fraction that is transiently increased in acute liver disease
gamma globulin
152
A globulin fraction that is persistently elevated in chronic liver disease
gamma globulin
153
A form of chronic hepatitis where polyclonal IgG is markedly increased
chronic active hepatitis
154
A liver disease where polyclonal IgM is elevated
primary biliary cirrhosis
155
A chronic liver disease associated with elevated IgA
alcoholic cirrhosis
156
A liver enzyme that is most specific for hepatocellular injury
ALT/SGPT
157
A liver enzyme that is less specific than ALT because it is also present in heart and muscle
AST/SGOT
158
A marker pair often elevated in cholestatic liver disease
ALP + GGT
159
A liver enzyme pair that includes AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) and is used to detect hepatocellular injury
aminotransferases (AST and ALT)
160
A liver enzyme considered more specific for liver damage because it is predominantly localized in hepatocytes
ALT (SGPT)
161
A liver‑injury pattern where both AST and ALT are markedly elevated
viral hepatitis
162
A liver‑injury pattern where both AST and ALT are elevated after drug or toxin exposure
drug‑ and toxin‑induced liver necrosis
163
A liver‑injury scenario where aminotransferases are greatly elevated due to poor hepatic perfusion
hepatic ischemia
164
A liver‑disease type where AST and ALT are only normal or mildly increased
obstructive liver damage
165
A liver‑specific enzyme that is more sensitive than AST for detecting hepatocellular injury
ALT
166
An enzyme used to distinguish hepatobiliary disease from osteogenic bone disease
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
167
A hepatic location where ALP is concentrated along the bile canalicular membrane
microvilli of bile canaliculi
168
A liver condition where ALP is markedly elevated due to bile‑duct blockage
extrahepatic biliary obstruction
169
A liver disease characterized by chronic ductal injury and elevated ALP
primary biliary cirrhosis
170
A liver condition where ALP is only slightly or moderately elevated
hepatocellular disorders
171
A liver‑specific enzyme without a bone source that helps differentiate hepatic from non‑hepatic ALP elevation
5′‑nucleotidase
172
A malignancy in which 5′‑nucleotidase is significantly elevated due to liver involvement
metastatic carcinoma
173
A liver condition where 5′‑nucleotidase is more sensitive than ALP for detecting hepatic infiltration
metastatic liver disease
174
An enzyme useful for differentiating between hepatic and bone sources of ALP elevation
gamma‑glutamyltransferase (GGT)
175
A condition where GGT reaches very high levels due to bile‑duct obstruction
biliary obstruction
176
A lifestyle factor that elevates GGT and can indicate chronic alcohol‑associated liver injury
alcohol ingestion
177
A chronic condition where GGT is sensitive for detecting cholestasis from drug or alcohol abuse
chronic alcohol or drug‑induced liver disease
178
A liver‑function use of GGT when bilirubin is normal
confirming hepatic neoplasms in the absence of jaundice
179
A nonspecific marker of cellular injury widely expressed in many tissues
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
180
A condition where LDH is markedly elevated due to widespread tumor infiltration
metastatic carcinoma
181
A liver disease associated with moderate LDH elevation
acute viral hepatitis
182
A chronic liver disease associated with moderate LDH elevation
cirrhosis
183
A biliary condition associated with mild LDH elevation
biliary tract disease
184
A limitation of LDH as a marker because it is present in many organs and provides little unique information
nonspecific distribution
MTAP - CLIN CHEM
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
1 - TANGINANG NUMBERS TO44
-
2 - CHEMICALS, SUPPLIES, INTRO STUFF86
-
3 - QC QA97
-
4 - LABORATORY SAFETY STUFF66
-
5 - SPECIMEN COLLECTION STUFF62
-
6 - ANALYTICAL METHOD168
-
7 - CARBOHYDRATES290
-
8 - LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS remake197
-
8 - LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS226
-
9 - PROTEIN remake300
-
9 - PROTEIN232
-
10 - NONPROTEIN NITROGEN253
-
11 - ENZYMES341
-
12 - LIVER FUNCTION TEST184
-
13 - ELECTROLYTES293
-
14 - ACID BASE BALANCE140
-
15 - TRACE METALS117
-
16 - ENDOCRINOLOGY INTRO TO TSH168
-
17 - FSH TO THYROID170
-
18 - PARATHYROID AND ADRENAL HORMONES129
-
19 - PANCREAS, OVARIES, TESTES95
-
20 - THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING194
-
21 - TOXICOLOGY172
-
22 - VITAMINS + TUMOR MARKERS75
