MTAP - CLIN CHEM > 6 - ANALYTICAL METHOD > Flashcards

6 - ANALYTICAL METHOD Flashcards

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1
Q

What fundamental property characterizes light exhibiting both wavelike properties and discrete particle energy packets?

A

Electromagnetic+radiation+photons

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2
Q

What physical parameter represents distance between two successive electromagnetic wave crests measured in nanometers?

A

Wavelength

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3
Q

What quantum mechanical equation relates photon energy directly proportional to radiation frequency?

A

Planck’s+formula+E=hv

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4
Q

What inverse relationship exists between electromagnetic radiation wavelength and photon energy?

A

Energy+inversely+proportional+wavelength

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5
Q

What analytical measurement technique quantifies electromagnetic radiation including visible light radiant heat?

A

Spectrometry

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6
Q

What fundamental spectrophotometric principle states chemical substances absorb radiation specific wavelengths?

A

Substance+absorbs+unique+wavelength

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7
Q

What physical law mathematically describes solution light absorption proportional to analyte concentration?

A

Beer’s+law+A=εbc

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8
Q

What essential calibration curve characteristic demonstrates perfect proportionality throughout concentration range?

A

Straight+line+through+origin

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9
Q

What specialized logarithmic graph paper plots percent transmittance versus linear concentration values?

A

Semilogarithmic+paper

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10
Q

What standard coordinate graph paper displays absorbance measurements against concentration standards?

A

Linear+graph+paper

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11
Q

What mathematical formula determines unknown concentration ratio standard absorbance measurements?

A

Cu=(Cstd/Astd)xAu

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12
Q

What analytical validation demonstrates proportional absorbance changes across varying concentrations?

A

Linearity

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13
Q

What spectrophotometer component generates continuous broad-spectrum polychromatic illumination?

A

Light+source+tungsten+lamp

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14
Q

What optical system isolates selects specific analytical wavelengths from polychromatic source radiation?

A

Monochromator

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15
Q

What adjustable aperture mechanism controls spectral bandwidth entering sample measurement compartment?

A

Entrance+exit+slits

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16
Q

What precision sample container maintains constant defined light path length absorbance calculations?

A

Cuvette+sample+holder

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17
Q

What photoelectrical transducer converts transmitted radiant energy measurable electrical current?

A

Photodetector+phototube

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18
Q

What instrument interface displays quantitative photometric transmittance absorbance measurements?

A

Readout+meter

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19
Q

What fundamental photometric parameter expresses fraction incident radiation successfully transmitted?

A

Percent+transmittance+%T

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20
Q

What standard equation calculates transmittance ratio sample versus reference blank measurements?

A

%T=(sample/blank)x100

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21
Q

What perfect transmittance value characterizes analytical blank containing no absorbing species?

A

100%+transmittance+blank

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22
Q

What logarithmic photometric parameter derives mathematically measured percent transmittance?

A

Absorbance+A=2-log%T

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23
Q

What quantitative graphical tool plots standard absorbance values determines unknown concentrations?

A

Calibration+curve

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24
Q

What conventional incandescent lamp provides illumination visible near-infrared spectral regions?

A

Incandescent+tungsten+lamp

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25
What primary function entrance slit performs spectrophotometric optical pathway?
Minimizes+stray+scattered+light
26
What spectrophotometer component holds solution whose analyte concentration requires quantification?
Sample+cell+cuvette
27
What detection system converts transmitted photons proportional electrical photocurrent signal?
Photodetector
28
What ultraviolet light sources provide continuous emission specifically for spectrophotometric analysis below 400 nm?
Deuterium+discharge+lamp+mercury+arc
29
What optical component primarily prevents scattered light entry while controlling transmitted bandwidth?
Entrance+slit
30
What defines stray light as any radiation outside monochromator selected wavelength band?
Stray+light+definition
31
What three primary causes generate stray light in spectrophotometric optical pathways?
Scratches+dust+diffraction+gratings
32
What major analytical error results from stray light contamination across all measurement wavelengths?
Absorbance+error+underreading
33
What quality control method uses sharp cutoff filters eliminating radiation beyond analytical wavelength?
Cutoff+filters+stray+light
34
What UV-absorbing liquids NiSO4 NaNO2 acetone detect stray light contamination?
NiSO4+NaNO2+acetone
35
What simplest monochromator transmits broad spectral band lowest resolution cost-effective?
Filter
36
What monochromator produces monochromatic light constructive wave interference?
Interference+filter+harmonic+wavelengths
37
What monochromator refracts light entering denser glass material narrow beam efficiency?
Prism
38
What most commonly used monochromator diffracts wavelengths passing sharp corner?
Diffraction+grating+multiple+spectra
39
What cuvette geometry provides plane-parallel surfaces constant light path minimal positioning error?
Square+cuvette+lens+effect
40
What cuvette defect causes light scattering requiring immediate discard?
Scratched+optical+surfaces
41
What standard cuvette material transmits visible range 400-700 nm?
Borosilicate+glass
42
What high-purity cuvette material remains transparent UV-visible regions?
Quartz+silica
43
What basic photodetector uses photosensitive film requiring external voltage operation?
Photocell+phototube
44
What photomultiplier tube amplifies radiant energy detection 200 times greater than phototube?
Photomultiplier+tube+PMT+200x
45
What PMT designed detects extremely low light levels short duration flashes?
Low+light+sensitivity
46
What solid-state detector absorbs radiant energy reverse-biased pn-junction diode?
Photodiode
47
What photodiode advantages include excellent linearity speed small size adequate light?
Photodiode+linearity+speed
48
What wavelength range 190-400 nm uses deuterium lamp quartz cuvettes?
Ultraviolet+190-400nm+deuterium+quartz
49
What visible range 400-700 nm uses incandescent lamp borosilicate cuvettes?
Visible+400-700nm+incandescent+borosilicate
50
What NIR range >700 nm uses tungsten-iodine quartz cuvettes?
Near-infrared+700-2000nm+tungsten+quartz
51
What single-beam design requires manual blank measurement zeroing before sample analysis?
Single-beam+spectrophotometer
52
What double-beam automatically ratios sample reference beams correcting source fluctuations?
Double-beam+spectrophotometer
53
What double-beam space configuration simultaneously splits radiation sample reference beams?
Double+beam+space
54
What double-beam time uses single detector chopper alternating sample reference cuvettes?
Double+beam+time+chopper
55
What QC test verifies wavelength accuracy using didymium holmium oxide glass filters?
Wavelength+accuracy+didymium+holmium
56
What spectral bandpass test uses mercury vapor lamp emission lines?
Spectral+bandpass+mercury+vapor
57
What photometric linearity test employs neutral-density filters increasing optical density?
Photometric+linearity+neutral+density
58
What atomic absorption principle measures ground-state atom light absorption defined wavelengths?
Atomic+Absorption+Spectrophotometry+AAS
59
What AAS light source generates element-specific emission bypassing flame sample?
Hollow+cathode+lamp
60
What conventional AAS atomization uses premix long-path burner flame?
Premix+long-path+burner
61
What AAS analyzes reduced metal existing atomic vaporized state?
Atomic+vapor+state
62
What AAS rotary chopper generates reference beam bypassing flame sample beam?
Rotary+chopper
63
What AAS detector provides highest sensitivity light intensity measurement?
Photomultiplier+tube
64
What flameless AAS modification uses electric furnace atomization chemical bond breaking?
Graphite+furnace+AAS
65
What high-temperature plasma improves atomic emission sensitivity refractory elements?
Inductively+Coupled+Plasma+ICP
66
What refractory elements uranium zirconium boron require ICP analysis?
Uranium+zirconium+boron
67
What hyphenated technique ICP-MS provides ultimate elemental sensitivity specificity?
ICP-MS+Inductively+Coupled+Plasma+Mass+Spectrometry
68
What atomic emission technique excites analytes in high-temperature flame and measures characteristic emitted light intensity for alkali metal quantification?
Flame+Emission+Photometry+FEP
69
What historical serum electrolyte quantification method measures light intensity over zero background before ion-selective electrode development?
Na++K++Li+
70
What luminescence technique relies on chemical oxidation reactions producing rapid light intensity flash followed by decay for immunoassay detection?
Chemiluminescence
71
What immunoassay detection offers extreme sensitivity measuring light emission without excitation radiation or monochromators unlike fluorescence?
Chemiluminescence+immunoassays
72
What right-angle optical configuration positions emission detector perpendicular to excitation source in fluorescence measurements?
90-degree+angle+fluorometry
73
What fluorometry filter isolates wavelength best absorbed by fluorochrome solution?
Primary+filter
74
What fluorometry filter prevents incidence light from striking emission photodetector?
Secondary+filter
75
What fluorescence intensity decrease occurs due to pH temperature solvent changes or chemical contaminants?
Quenching
76
What volumetric analysis reacts unknown sample with standardized solution using color change indicator?
Titrimetric+volumetric+analysis
77
What method measures reduction in transmitted light intensity through suspended particles for protein bacterial quantification?
Turbidimetry
78
What light scattering technique measures 90-degree scattered radiation ideal for low-concentration small particle suspensions?
Nephelometry
79
What technique measures forward light scatter from large particles and bacterial suspensions?
Nephelometry+large+particles
80
What electrochemical method measures potential difference between indicator reference electrodes at zero current following Nernst equation?
Potentiometry+ISE
81
What ion-selective electrode glass membrane comprises silicon dioxide sodium oxide aluminum oxide?
Glass+membrane+SiO2+Na2O+Al2O3
82
What ISE membrane antibiotics facilitate potassium ion transport?
Valinomycin
83
What ISE membrane antibiotics facilitate sodium ion transport?
Nonactin+Monactin
84
What reference electrodes commonly pair with ion-selective electrodes?
Calomel+Ag-AgCl
85
What electroanalytical technique generates current through controlled potential oxidation reduction of analyte?
Amperometry
86
What constant potential coulometric method measures total charge passed during complete analyte electrolysis?
Coulometry
87
What dropping mercury electrode technique produces characteristic current-voltage polarograms for metal identification?
Polarography
88
What voltammetric method varies applied potential over time monitoring faradaic current for trace metal analysis?
Voltammetry
89
What polarography example assays heavy metals like lead in blood?
Heavy+metals+lead
90
What electrophoretic technique migrates charged solutes toward oppositely charged electrode?
Zone+electrophoresis
91
What electrophoresis result displays sharply separated macromolecule zones?
Electropherogram
92
What bulk buffer ion solvent movement toward cathode relative to fixed support medium?
Electroendosmosis+endosmosis
93
What neutral gel support eliminates electroendosmosis during protein electrophoresis?
Agarose+acrylamide+gel
94
What agarose gel advantage produces no electroendosmosis protein binding?
Neutral+no+electroendosmosis
95
What cellulose acetate agarose electrophoresis requires sample volume?
2-5mL+sample
96
What chromatographic technique separates complex mixtures through differential physical interactions with stationary phase?
Chromatography
97
What chromatography basic components include mobile phase stationary phase sample column?
Mobile+stationary+sample+column
98
What chromatography mobile phase carries complex mixture through stationary phase?
Mobile+phase+gas+liquid
99
What chromatography stationary phase allows mobile phase flow through?
Stationary+phase+solid+liquid
100
What liquid-solid chromatography separates through competitive adsorption sites?
Adsorption+chromatography
101
What liquid-liquid chromatography separates by relative solubility organic aqueous solvents?
Partition+chromatography
102
What chromatography separates protein based on charge molecular size?
Ion-exchange+chromatography
103
What size-exclusion chromatography separates macromolecules by dimensions through porous matrix?
Steric+exclusion+gel+filtration
104
What thin adsorbent layer on glass plate enables rapid qualitative compound separation?
Thin-layer+chromatography+TLC
105
What stationary phases used in thin-layer chromatography?
Silica+gel+alumina+polyacrylamide+starch
106
What thin-layer chromatography mobile phase moves sample by?
Capillary+action
107
What TLC separation depends on solubility polarity diffusion rate?
Solvent+solubility+polarity+diffusion
108
What TLC calculation compares compound migration to solvent front distance?
Retention+factor+Rf
109
What high-pressure system forces liquid mobile phase through column enhancing resolution?
High-performance+liquid+chromatography+HPLC
110
What HPLC detection method commonly monitors separated fractions?
UV+spectrophotometer
111
What HPLC provides qualitative results through?
Column+retention+time
112
What quantitative HPLC calculation relates unknown to standard?
Peak+area+curve
113
What inert gas mobile phase characterizes volatile compound separation through heated column?
Gas+chromatography+GC
114
What GC rapidly heats samples to vaporize for column separation?
Thermal+vaporization
115
What GC stationary phase comprises support medium thin liquid coating?
Liquid+coated+support
116
What GC carrier gas commonly used?
Helium
117
What destructive GC detector ionizes organic compounds producing measurable current?
Flame+ionization+detector+FID
118
What most accurate sensitive GC detector provides molecular weight structural identification?
Mass+spectrometry+MS
119
What flame photometry burner provides extended optical path enhanced sensitivity?
Premix+long-path+burner
120
What analyzed sample state contains reduced metal atomic vaporized?
Atomic+vapor+state
121
What flameless AAS modification uses electric furnace chemical bond breaking?
Graphite+furnace
122
What testing performed outside central laboratory facilities by non-laboratory personnel brings laboratory services directly to patients?
Point-of-Care+Testing+POCT
123
What alternative names describe POCT including near-patient bedside physician's office testing?
Near-patient+testing+bedside+testing
124
What primary advantage enables faster clinical decision-making through immediate result availability?
Faster+delivery+results
125
What patient populations benefit from POCT microvolume requirements?
Neonatal+pediatric+frequent+testing
126
What cost consideration makes POCT more expensive than central laboratory despite workflow benefits?
Higher+disposable+reagent+costs
127
What assay type measures absorbance change over time during reaction?
Kinetic+assays
128
What assay type incubates fixed time measures final absorbance against calibrators?
Endpoint+colorimetric+assays
129
What POCT contamination occurs from previously aspirated sample residue?
Carryover+contamination
130
What preliminary testing determines need for additional confirmatory assays?
Reflex+testing
131
What reagent form requires reconstitution with buffer before analyzer use?
Lyophilized+powder+tablets
132
What dry reagent format assembles complete chemistry system single-use slide?
Vitros+dry+slide
133
What liquid reagent directly pipetted mixed instrument sample?
Liquid+reagents
134
What common reaction temperatures optimize enzyme activity clinical analyzers?
37°C+30°C
135
What automation advantage increases workload capacity given time period?
Increased+tests+performed
136
What automation reduces inter-laboratory analytical variation?
Standardized+results
137
What automation eliminates pipetting timing manual errors?
Error+elimination
138
What automation conserves sample reagent volumes?
Microvolume+requirements
139
What analyzer performs random access STAT interruption any position?
Random+access
140
What analyzer processes single test across all loaded samples simultaneously?
One-test-multiple-samples
141
What analyzer performs multiple tests concurrently single specimen?
Multiple-tests-one-sample
142
What analyzer sequences multiple tests single specimen consecutively?
Multiple-tests-sequential
143
What analyzer accepts reagents multiple manufacturers?
Open+system
144
What analyzer restricted proprietary manufacturer reagents?
Closed+system
145
What performance metric represents maximum tests generated hourly?
Throughput+tests+hour
146
What performance metric measures single result generation time?
Time+per+result
147
What analyzer design cannot aspirate serum surface layer?
Dead+volume
148
What continuous flow system pumps reagents samples through tubing?
Continuous+flow+analyzer
149
What continuous flow segmentation prevents sample reagent mixing?
Air+bubbles+segmentation
150
What continuous flow mixing uses glass coil flow path?
Glass+coil+mixing
151
What centrifugal analyzer transfers reagents using rotor acceleration?
Centrifugal+analyzer
152
What centrifugal analyzer spins 1000 rpm perimeter cuvets?
Spinning+rotor+1000rpm
153
What discrete analyzer processes requested tests only?
Discrete+analyzer
154
What discrete analyzer handles each reaction independently?
Individual+reaction+vessels
155
What discrete mixing methods include magnetic stirring ultrasonics?
Forceful+dispensing+stirring
156
What dry chemistry analyzer uses reflectance photometry microvolume slides?
Kodak+Ektachem+Vitros
157
What analyzer operation phase reads identifies sample barcode?
Sample+identification
158
What analyzer operation determines tests ordered LIS communication?
Test+selection
159
What analyzer operation dispenses reagents reaction cuvette?
Reagent+dispensing
160
What analyzer operation introduces sample aliquot cuvette?
Specimen+delivery
161
What analyzer operation mixes incubates sample reagents?
Chemical+reaction+phase
162
What analyzer operation performs optical absorbance readings?
Measurement+phase
163
What analyzer operation processes signals generates concentrations?
Signal+processing+data
164
What analyzer operation transmits results laboratory information system?
Result+transmission+LIS
165
What Vitros slide layer distributes sample evenly across reagents?
Spreading+layer
166
What Vitros slide layer filters interfering substances?
Permeable+layer
167
What Vitros slide layer contains produces color reaction?
Indicator+layer
168
What Vitros slide layer provides optical measurement interface?
Support+layer
MTAP - CLIN CHEM
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