1
Q
What term refers to biological macromolecules made of carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen built from amino acids linked by peptide bonds?
A
Proteins
2
Q
What characteristic element distinguishes proteins from carbohydrates and lipids in the text?
A
Nitrogen
3
Q
What Greek word meaning “first rank of importance” is the root for the term “protein”?
A
Proteis
4
Q
What organ is listed as the main site of protein synthesis in the body except for certain specialized proteins?
A
Liver
5
Q
What large class of proteins is not synthesized primarily in the liver but by immune cells?
A
Immunoglobulins
6
Q
What are the building blocks of proteins formed by peptide bonds in the text?
A
Amino acids
7
Q
What chemical property allows proteins to act as both acids and bases in the text?
A
Amphoteric
8
Q
What happens to the net charge of a protein at alkaline pH according to the text?
A
It becomes negatively charged
9
Q
What happens to the net charge of a protein at acid pH according to the text?
A
It becomes positively charged
10
Q
What term in the text refers to the pH where an amino acid or protein has no net charge?
A
Isoelectric point
11
Q
What term refers to the condition where the number of positively charged and negatively charged groups on a protein are equal?
A
No net charge state
12
Q
What happens to a protein when the pH is greater than its isoelectric point in the text?
A
It becomes negatively charged
13
Q
What happens to a protein when the pH is less than its isoelectric point in the text?
A
It becomes positively charged
14
Q
What term refers to the loss of the native folded structure of a protein in the text?
A
Denaturation
15
Q
What factor listed in the text can cause protein denaturation by heat or hydrolysis?
A
Heat+strong acid+strong alkali
16
Q
What factor listed in the text can cause protein denaturation by urea or other chemicals?
A
Exposure to urea or other substances
17
Q
What factor listed in the text can cause protein denaturation by UV light?
A
Exposure to UV light
18
Q
What factor listed in the text can cause protein denaturation by enzymatic action?
A
Enzymatic action
19
Q
What function of proteins in the text involves repair of body tissues such as collagen?
A
Tissue repair
20
Q
What function of proteins in the text involves participation in blood coagulation such as fibrinogen and coagulation factors?
A
Blood coagulation
21
Q
What function of proteins in the text involves immune defense through antibodies and complement?
A
Immunologic function
22
Q
What function of proteins in the text involves the transport of metabolic substances such as albumin haptoglobin hemopexin ceruloplasmin and transferrin?
A
Transport function
23
Q
What function of proteins in the text involves regulation of colloidal oncotic pressure via albumin?
A
Oncotic pressure regulation
24
Q
What function of proteins in the text involves buffering and maintenance of blood pH?
A
Acid base buffering
25
What function of proteins in the text involves acting as biocatalysts
that is
26
What function of proteins in the text involves forming intracellular and extracellular structures?
Structural function
27
What function of proteins in the text involves generating energy through catalysis and electron transfer?
Energy production
28
What function of proteins in the text involves producing motility through actin and myosin?
Contractile function
29
What function of proteins in the text involves serving as receptors hormones and cytokines for intercellular regulation?
Regulatory and signaling function
30
What function of proteins in the text involves assembling molecules and acting as ion channels and pumps?
Channel+transporter function
31
What function of proteins in the text involves constituting signaling networks for intracellular regulation?
Intracellular signaling network
32
What term in the text describes the level of protein structure that refers to the specific sequence of amino acids?
Primary structure
33
What term in the text refers to commonly formed secondary structures such as alpha helix and beta pleated sheet that add strength and flexibility?
Secondary structure
34
What term in the text refers to the three dimensional folded conformation of a single polypeptide chain related to its physical and chemical properties?
Tertiary structure
35
What term in the text refers to the arrangement resulting from interactions of more than one protein molecule held together by non covalent forces?
Quaternary structure
36
What classification of proteins in the text includes only amino acids and no other prosthetic groups?
Simple protein
37
What classification of proteins in the text includes a non amino acid prosthetic group such as metal carbohydrate lipid or nucleic acid?
Conjugated protein
38
What subtype of conjugated protein contains a metal ion as a prosthetic group?
Metalloprotein
39
What subtype of conjugated protein contains carbohydrate attached to the protein backbone?
Glycoprotein
40
What subtype of conjugated protein is rich in carbohydrate and often associated with mucous secretions?
Mucoprotein
41
What subtype of conjugated protein consists of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in plasma?
Lipoprotein
42
What subtype of conjugated protein consists of protein bound to nucleic acid such as in chromatin and ribosomes?
Nucleoprotein
43
What metabolic pathway is directly involved in amino acid catabolism and carbon skeleton utilization in the text?
Citric acid cycle
44
What waste product is produced when nitrogen from amino acids is processed in the liver in the text?
Urea
45
What process in the liver transforms nitrogen containing amino acids into urea for excretion in the text?
Urea cycle
46
What is the main catabolic fate of amino acids in the text other than protein synthesis?
Amino acid catabolism
47
What regulatory role of proteins in the text involves enzymes as biocatalysts?
Enzyme catalysis
48
What regulatory role of proteins in the text involves intracellular signaling networks?
Signaling function
49
What is the pattern on electrophoresis that corresponds to the fraction containing prealbumin in the text?
Prealbumin fraction
50
What is the fraction on plasma protein electrophoresis that corresponds to the most abundant protein in plasma?
Albumin
51
What is the fraction on plasma protein electrophoresis that corresponds to proteins such as a1 antitrypsin a1 acid glycoprotein ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin?
Alpha1 globulin
52
What is the fraction on plasma protein electrophoresis that corresponds to alpha2 macroglobulin and similar proteins?
Alpha2 globulin
53
What is the fraction on plasma protein electrophoresis that corresponds to transferrin hemopexin fibrinogen complement and related proteins?
Beta globulin
54
What is the fraction on plasma protein electrophoresis that corresponds to immunoglobulins IgA IgM IgG IgD and IgE?
Gamma globulin
55
What essential amino acid listed in the text is required for protein synthesis but cannot be synthesized by the body?
Phenylalanine
56
What essential amino acid listed in the text helps maintain protein structure and is not produced by the body?
Valine
57
What essential amino acid listed in the text is required for tissue growth and protein synthesis but is not synthesized by the body?
Threonine
58
What essential amino acid listed in the text is important for serotonin and niacin metabolism but must be supplied in the diet?
Tryptophan
59
What essential amino acid listed in the text is involved in branched chain metabolism and is not produced by the body?
Isoleucine
60
What essential amino acid listed in the text is involved in sulfur containing amino acid metabolism but must be supplied in the diet?
Methionine
61
What essential amino acid listed in the text is involved in branched chain metabolism and is not produced by the body?
Leucine
62
What essential amino acid listed in the text is critical for growth and is not synthesized in humans?
Lysine
63
What essential amino acid listed in the text is involved in nitric oxide and urea cycle metabolism but is not synthesized sufficiently in some individuals?
Arginine
64
What essential amino acid listed in the text is important for growth and development and is not produced by the body?
Histidine
65
What is the band in plasma protein electrophoresis that migrates just before albumin and is a transport protein for thyroid hormones and retinol?
Prealbumin
66
What is the main transport role of prealbumin in the text?
Transport of thyroxine and retinol
67
What is the second most predominant protein in cerebrospinal fluid according to the text?
Prealbumin
68
What condition listed in the text is associated with increased prealbumin?
Alcoholism+chronic renal failure+steroid therapy
69
What condition listed in the text is associated with decreased prealbumin?
Poor nutrition+acute phase inflammatory response+hepatic damage+tissue necrosis
70
What is the most abundant protein in plasma and highest in concentration according to the text?
Albumin
71
What general transport function of albumin is listed for thyroid hormones iron fatty acids and unconjugated bilirubin?
Binding and transport of ligands
72
What is the role of albumin in maintaining plasma colloid oncotic pressure according to the text?
Colloid oncotic pressure regulation
73
What term in the text refers to the complete absence of albumin or inability to synthesize albumin?
Hypoalbuminemia
74
What term in the text refers to the appearance of two bands in the albumin region associated with excess therapeutic drugs such as penicillin?
Bisalbuminemia
75
What term in the text refers to decreased plasma levels of albumin from any cause?
Hypoalbuminemia
76
What condition listed in the text is associated with the lowest levels of albumin and proteinuria?
Nephrotic syndrome
77
What condition listed in the text is associated with decreased albumin due to inflammation?
Acute phase inflammatory response
78
What condition listed in the text is associated with decreased albumin due to hepatic disease?
Liver disease
79
What condition listed in the text is associated with urinary loss of albumin due to kidney problems?
Nephropathy
80
What condition listed in the text is associated with gastro intestinal loss of albumin?
GI loss
81
What condition listed in the text is associated with burned tissue loss of albumin?
Burn injury
82
What condition listed in the text is associated with edema and ascites along with low albumin?
Edema and ascites
83
What nutrient related problem listed in the text can cause low albumin?
Inadequate protein intake
84
What is the reference range for albumin in plasma according to the text?
3.5 to 5.0 g per dL
85
What glycoprotein fraction corresponds to the band containing alpha‑1 antitrypsin on plasma protein electrophoresis?
Alpha1 globulin
86
What is the major protein in the alpha1 globulin fraction that functions as a serine protease inhibitor of neutrophil elastase and is an acute phase reactant?
Alpha‑1 antitrypsin
87
What term refers to the hereditary deficiency of alpha‑1 antitrypsin caused by mutation in the SERPINA1 gene?
Alpha‑1 antitrypsin deficiency
88
What serum acute phase protein in the alpha1 fraction is a serine protease inhibitor and protects against neutrophil elastase‑mediated tissue damage?
Alpha‑1 antitrypsin
89
What basic function of alpha‑1 antitrypsin is described in the text regarding neutrophil elastase?
Inhibition of neutrophil elastase
90
What term refers to the vitamin‑D binding protein found in the alpha1 globulin fraction that also transports fatty acids and endotoxin?
Gc globulin
91
What alpha1 acute phase protein in the text is used as a prognostic indicator of survival after trauma and in hepatic failure?
Gc globulin
92
What pregnancy‑associated factor listed in the text can increase Gc globulin levels?
Pregnancy
93
What hormone therapy listed in the text can increase Gc globulin levels?
Estrogen oral contraceptives
94
What condition listed in the text is associated with decreased Gc globulin due to impaired hepatic synthesis?
Severe liver disease
95
What condition listed in the text characterized by protein loss can decrease Gc globulin levels?
Protein‑losing syndromes
96
What term refers to the glycoprotein fraction that corresponds to the alpha2 band on plasma protein electrophoresis?
Alpha2 globulin
97
What copper‑binding alpha2 acute phase protein gives a blue tint to plasma and carries 90% of copper in circulation?
Ceruloplasmin
98
What basic function of ceruloplasmin is stated in the text besides copper transport?
Acute phase reactant
99
What clinical sign of copper deposition associated with abnormal ceruloplasmin levels is listed in the text?
Kayser‑Fleischer rings
100
What conditions listed in the text are associated with increased ceruloplasmin?
Inflammation+cancer+pregnancy
101
What inherited disorder characterized by copper accumulation in the liver brain and cornea is associated with low ceruloplasmin?
Wilson disease
102
What nutritional or inherited disorder associated with copper deficiency is listed with low ceruloplasmin?
Menkes kinky hair syndrome
103
What malnutrition state listed in the text can decrease ceruloplasmin levels?
Malnutrition
104
What alpha2 acute phase protein binds free hemoglobin in the plasma and is used to evaluate intravascular hemolysis?
Haptoglobin
105
What term refers to the three main genetic variants of haptoglobin found in humans?
Haptoglobin phenotypes
106
What primary laboratory use of haptoglobin is given in the text?
Detecting and evaluating intravascular hemolytic anemia
107
What clinical condition listed in the text can cause increased haptoglobin due to myoglobin release?
Myoglobinuria
108
What inflammatory state listed in the text can increase haptoglobin as an acute phase reactant?
Inflammation
109
What red cell disorder characterized by red cell destruction in the circulation can decrease haptoglobin?
Intravascular hemolytic anemia
110
What clinical sign of intravascular hemolysis listed in the text can accompany low haptoglobin?
Hemoglobinuria
111
What large non‑immunoglobulin protein is the major component of the alpha2 globulin fraction and is a broad protease inhibitor?
Alpha2 macroglobulin
112
What is the main function of alpha2 macroglobulin listed in the text?
Inhibition of proteases
113
What inflammatory state listed in the text can increase alpha2 macroglobulin levels?
Inflammation
114
What pulmonary disease listed in the text can decrease alpha2 macroglobulin levels?
Emphysematous pulmonary disease
115
What liver disease listed in the text can decrease alpha2 macroglobulin levels?
Juvenile hepatic cirrhosis
116
What serum protein produced first by the yolk sac and then by fetal liver is the major alpha2 glycoprotein in the fetus?
Alpha‑fetoprotein
117
What term refers to the alpha2 glycoprotein that is most abundant in fetal serum and is measured as a marker of gestational age and fetal well‑being?
Alpha‑fetoprotein
118
What type of pathology in the fetus is associated with increased maternal alpha‑fetoprotein levels in the text?
Abdominal wall defects
119
What severe fetal brain defect associated with elevated alpha‑fetoprotein is listed in the text?
Anencephaly
120
What term refers to the general indication of fetal stress or damage associated with elevated alpha‑fetoprotein?
General fetal distress
121
What pregnancy condition listed in the text can give higher alpha‑fetoprotein values due to multiple fetuses?
Twins
122
What chromosomal abnormality associated with low alpha‑fetoprotein is listed in the text?
Down syndrome or trisomy 21
123
What other trisomy listed in the text is associated with decreased alpha‑fetoprotein?
Trisomy 18
124
What negatively charged glycoprotein in the alpha1 fraction is stable in acid and functions as an acute phase reactant?
Alpha‑1 acid glycoprotein or orosomucoid
125
What clinical use of alpha‑1 acid glycoprotein mentioned in the text makes it useful in monitoring disease activity?
Useful acute phase reactant
126
What physiological or pathological states listed in the text increase alpha‑1 acid glycoprotein?
Stress+inflammation+tissue damage+acute myocardial infarction+trauma+pregnancy+cancer+pneumonia+rheumatoid arthritis+surgery
127
What renal disease listed in the text is associated with decreased alpha‑1 acid glycoprotein?
Nephrotic syndrome
128
What serine protease inhibitor in the alpha1 fraction is an acute phase protein and associated with neurodegenerative diseases?
Alpha‑1 antichymotrypsin
129
What systemic diseases listed in the text are associated with alpha‑1 antichymotrypsin?
Alzheimer disease+Parkinson disease+chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
130
What biochemical role of alpha‑1 antichymotrypsin is given in the text?
Serine protease inhibitor
131
What condition listed in the text is associated with increased alpha‑1 antichymotrypsin due to inflammation?
Inflammation
132
What condition listed in the text is associated with decreased alpha‑1 antichymotrypsin due to impaired hepatic synthesis?
Liver disease
133
What interstitial protease inhibitor in the alpha1 fraction modulates several serine proteases and is elevated in inflammatory states?
Inter‑alpha‑trypsin inhibitor
134
What conditions listed in the text increase inter‑alpha‑trypsin inhibitor?
Inflammation+diabetes+ liver disease
135
What globulin fraction corresponds to the band containing transferrin and related proteins on plasma protein electrophoresis?
Beta globulin
136
What major iron transport protein is the principal component of the beta globulin fraction and binds two molecules of ferric iron?
Transferrin
137
What basic function of transferrin is described in the text regarding iron transport?
Transport of iron and prevention of urinary loss
138
What acute phase behavior of transferrin is mentioned in the text?
Negative acute phase protein
139
What condition listed in the text is evaluated using transferrin levels to assess iron metabolism and iron‑binding capacity?
Anemia
140
What iron overload disorder associated with increased transferrin saturation is listed in the text?
Hemochromatosis
141
What systemic disease listed in the text can decrease transferrin synthesis and levels?
Liver disease
142
What renal disease listed in the text can cause decreased transferrin due to urinary loss?
Nephrotic syndrome
143
What alpha2 glycoprotein that binds heme is an acute phase reactant and helps prevent heme‑induced damage?
Hemopexin
144
What basic function of hemopexin described in the text relates to heme transport?
Binds and transports heme
145
What acute phase status of hemopexin is given in the text?
Acute phase reactant
146
What conditions listed in the text increase hemopexin?
Inflammation+diabetes+Duchenne‑type muscular dystrophy+some malignancies
147
What hemolytic state listed in the text decreases hemopexin due to consumption?
Hemolytic anemia
148
What small protein that is a component of the major histocompatibility complex is found in the beta globulin region and on the surface of most nucleated cells?
Beta2 microglobulin
149
What is the main cellular distribution of beta2 microglobulin listed in the text?
Surface of most nucleated cells
150
What renal condition associated with impaired excretion is associated with increased beta2 microglobulin in the text?
Renal failure
151
What hematologic or inflammatory states listed in the text increase beta2 microglobulin?
Large lymphocyte turnover rate+inflammatory diseases
152
What complement component mentioned in the text is the most abundant in the complement system?
C3
153
What complement component mentioned in the text is the second most abundant after C3?
C4
154
What general function of the complement proteins in the beta fraction is described in the text?
Acute phase reactant and activation of complement cascade
155
What physiologic role of complement described in the text protects against infection?
Natural defense mechanism against infection
156
What inflammatory states listed in the text increase complement levels?
Inflammatory conditions
157
What systemic disease states listed in the text decrease complement levels?
Malnutrition+disseminated intravascular coagulation+hemolytic anemia
158
What pentraxin protein in the beta fraction functions as an acute phase opsonin and binds to bacterial and fungal surfaces?
C reactive protein
159
What basic function of C reactive protein mentioned in the text promotes phagocytosis?
Opsonin that promotes binding of complement to bacteria and fungi
160
What acute inflammatory conditions listed in the text increase C reactive protein?
Acute rheumatic fever+myocardial infarction+rheumatoid arthritis+gout+bacterial and viral infection
161
What condition listed in the text can decrease C reactive protein or render it relatively low in the context of hemolysis?
Hemolytic anemia
162
What large acute phase protein in the beta fraction forms a separate band and is essentially absent in serum because it is converted to fibrin during clotting?
Fibrinogen
163
What coagulation protein listed in the text is one of the largest plasma proteins and forms a distinct band only in plasma
not in serum?
164
What basic biochemical function of fibrinogen described in the text is central to clot formation?
Conversion to fibrin
165
What acute phase behavior of fibrinogen is given in the text?
Acute phase reactant
166
What inflammatory states listed in the text increase fibrinogen?
Inflammatory disorders
167
What hormonal or reproductive state listed in the text increases fibrinogen levels?
Pregnancy
168
What contraceptive therapy listed in the text can increase fibrinogen?
Use of birth control pills
169
What condition characterized by widespread clot formation and consumption of coagulation factors is associated with low fibrinogen in the text?
Extensive coagulation
170
What globulin fraction corresponds to the band containing immunoglobulins on plasma protein electrophoresis?
Gamma globulin
171
What plasma proteins synthesized by plasma cells in the gamma fraction are also called antibodies?
Immunoglobulins
172
What are the five major immunoglobulin classes mentioned in the text?
IgG+IgA+IgM+IgD+IgE
173
What term refers to a condition where one immunoglobulin type is abnormally increased in the gamma region due to a clonal plasma cell disorder?
Monoclonal gammopathy
174
What plasma cell malignancy characterized by a monoclonal increase in IgG is listed in the text?
Multiple myeloma
175
What lymphoplasmacytic malignancy characterized by a monoclonal increase in IgM is listed in the text?
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
176
What adipokine described in the text is synthesized by adipose tissue and inversely correlates with obesity and insulin resistance?
Adiponectin
177
What metabolic state listed in the text is associated with low adiponectin and increased risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome?
Obesity
178
What ventricular‑derived peptide in the text is synthesized and secreted in response to ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload and is used as a popular cardiac marker?
Brain natriuretic peptide
179
What term refers to the amino‑terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide used as a cardiac biomarker in serum and urine?
N terminal brain natriuretic peptide
180
What hormone described in the text is also called a “fat hormone” and is secreted by adipocytes with protective effects on the cardiovascular system?
Adiponectin
181
What type of heart disease index is associated with adiponectin levels in the text?
Cardiovascular disease risk index
182
What cardiac biomarker complex regulates myocardial contraction and consists of troponin I troponin T and troponin C?
Cardiac troponin
183
What troponin subunit is described as highly specific for acute myocardial infarction and found only in the myocardium?
Troponin I
184
What troponin subunit is described as heart muscle specific and useful for monitoring thrombolytic therapy and risk assessment in acute myocardial ischemia?
Troponin T
185
What quantitative feature of troponin I is given in the text regarding its abundance in myocardium compared with CK‑MB?
13 times more abundant than CK‑MB
186
What time frame is given for the rise of troponin I after infarction in the text?
3 to 6 hours
187
What is the peak time for troponin I after MI in the text?
14 to 20 hours
188
How long does troponin I remain elevated after MI in the text?
7 to 14 days
189
What is the time of rise for troponin T after MI in the text?
3 to 4 hours
190
What is the peak time for troponin T after MI in the text?
10 to 24 hours
191
How long does troponin T remain elevated after MI in the text?
8 to 21 days
192
What advantage of troponin over CK‑MB is emphasized in the text regarding specificity and duration of elevation?
More specific for heart injury and longer‑lasting elevation
193
What fibrous protein fragments listed in the text are proteolytic products of collagen I formed during bone resorption and are measured in serum or urine?
Cross linked C telopeptides
194
What amyloid‑related protein described in the text forms insoluble fibrous aggregates with beta pleated sheet structure and is associated with senile plaques in Alzheimer disease?
Amyloid‑beta 42
195
What precursor protein is the source of beta‑amyloid in the text?
Amyloid precursor protein
196
What test result pattern in the text is associated with a higher likelihood of Alzheimer disease?
Low amyloid‑beta 42 and high tau protein
197
What monoclonal light‑chain protein precipitates between 40 and 60 °C and dissolves at higher temperatures and is found in the urine of multiple myeloma patients?
Bence Jones protein
198
What term refers to the Bence Jones protein subtype associated with either kappa or lambda light chains in the text?
Bence Jones protein
199
What clinical condition associated with clonal plasma‑cell proliferation is listed as producing Bence Jones protein in urine?
Multiple myeloma
200
What term refers to the kidney‑derived protein described as a potential marker of impaired renal function that correlates with cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate but is not better than cystatin C?
Beta trace protein
201
What renal parameter is beta trace protein correlated with in the text?
Glomerular filtration rate
202
What other biomarker does beta trace protein correlate with in the text besides GFR and cystatin C?
Urine microproteins
203
What statement about beta trace protein in the text explains why it is not recommended as a standalone diagnostic test for glomerular filtration rate?
Not a diagnostic efficient test for GFR
204
What natriuretic peptide produced by the myocardial ventricles in the text is used as a marker of heart failure and ventricular stretch?
Brain natriuretic peptide
205
What type of renal marker described in the text is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor that is not influenced by muscle mass age sex or race unlike creatinine?
Cystatin C
206
What statement in the text claims cystatin C as a sensitive endogenous marker for early detection of renal dysfunction?
Sensitive endogenous marker for early assessment of changes in kidney function
207
What glycoprotein produced by liver hepatocytes endothelial cells macrophages and fibroblasts in the text is involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix organization?
Fibronectin
208
What structural feature of fibronectin is mentioned in the text regarding its subunits?
Two nearly identical subunits
209
What nutritional parameter in the text can fibronectin levels be used as a marker for?
Nutritional status
210
What low‑molecular‑weight protein in the text is proposed as a marker for predicting short‑term risk of premature death in certain populations?
High‑sensitivity CRP
211
What newer assay format of CRP described in the text can detect concentrations below 1 mg per L and is used to assess cardiovascular risk?
High‑sensitivity CRP or hs‑CRP
212
What cardiovascular risk category in the text corresponds to hs‑CRP less than 1 mg per L?
Low risk
213
What cardiovascular risk category in the text corresponds to hs‑CRP between 1 and 3 mg per L?
Moderate risk
214
What cardiovascular risk category in the text corresponds to hs‑CRP greater than 3 mg per L?
High risk
215
What oxygen‑binding protein found in both cardiac and skeletal muscle in the text is used as an early cardiac‑injury marker alongside troponin?
Myoglobin
216
What physiologic property of myoglobin listed in the text gives it higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin?
Higher affinity to oxygen
217
What adverse effect of myoglobin on the kidney is mentioned in the text?
Nephrotoxicity
218
What time frame is given for the rise of myoglobin after myocardial infarction in the text?
2 to 3 hours
219
What is the peak time for myoglobin after MI in the text?
8 to 12 hours
220
What is the return‑to‑normal time for myoglobin after MI in the text?
18 to 30 hours
221
What clinical use of myoglobin in the text is described for evaluating reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy?
Marker for success or failure of reperfusion
222
What preanalytic condition described in the text may interfere with certain total protein methods due to turbid plasma?
Lipemia
223
What preanalytic condition listed in the text can falsely elevate total protein measurement?
Hemolysis
224
What difference between ambulatory and recumbent individuals is stated for total protein and albumin in the text?
About 10% higher in ambulatory individuals
225
What difference between plasma and serum total protein is given in the text?
Plasma is 0.2 to 0.4 g per dL higher than serum due to fibrinogen
226
What classic method for total protein measurement based on nitrogen analysis is not used routinely in the text?
Kjeldahl method
227
What is the principle of the Kjeldahl total protein method in the text regarding the measured analyte?
Measurement of nitrogen content
228
What reagent in the Kjeldahl method is used as the digesting acid under high heat?
Sulfuric acid
229
What range of temperature in the Kjeldahl method is used for digestion?
340 to 360 °C
230
What catalyst is used with sulfuric acid in the Kjeldahl method?
Cupric sulfate
231
What serum pretreatment step is mentioned for the Kjeldahl method?
Treatment with tungstic acid or TCA
232
What is the main principle of the Biuret method for total protein in the text?
Formation of a violet chelate between cupric ions and peptide bonds
233
What color complex in the Biuret method is proportional to the number of peptide bonds present?
Violet‑colored chelate
234
At what wavelength is the Biuret complex measured in the text?
545 nm
235
What reagent in the Biuret method provides copper ions?
Alkaline copper sulfate
236
What reagent in the Biuret method stabilizes the copper complex?
Rochelle salt or sodium potassium tartrate
237
What reagent in the Biuret method provides the alkaline medium?
Sodium hydroxide
238
What additive in the Biuret method helps stabilize the complex against oxidation?
Potassium iodide
239
What protein assay method in the text uses dyes such as bromophenol blue and Ponceau S and is mostly for research use?
Dye binding method
240
What dye commonly used to bind albumin and quantitate it in serum is mentioned in the text?
Bromophenol blue
241
What dye mentioned in the text is noted as the most specific for albumin?
Amido black 10B
242
What dye mentioned in the text is non‑specific for albumin?
Methyl orange
243
What dye mentioned in the text has low specificity and is used for albumin?
HABA
244
What Biuret‑related method in the text measures total protein based on the reduction of phosphotungstic‑molybdic acid by aromatic amino acids to form a blue color?
Folin‑Ciocalteu method
245
What amino acids involved in the Folin‑Ciocalteu reaction are listed in the text?
Tyrosine+tryptophan+histidine
246
What is the main phenol reagent in the Folin‑Ciocalteu method for total protein?
Phosphotungstic‑molybdic acid
247
What reagent in the Folin‑Ciocalteu method acts as a color enhancer and is also used in Biuret?
Biuret reagent
248
What artifactual cause of high total protein in the text is due to fluid loss without proportionate protein loss?
Dehydration
249
What two fluid‑related conditions listed in the text can cause hyperproteinemia through dehydration?
Vomiting and diarrhea
250
What artifactual cause of low total protein listed in the text is related to excessive sweating and diabetic acidosis?
Hypoaldosteronism
251
What disease state listed in the text can cause hyperproteinemia through excessive production of gamma globulins?
Monoclonal gammopathy
252
What plasma cell disorder associated with monoclonal increase in IgG is listed as a cause of hyperproteinemia?
Multiple myeloma
253
What lymphoplasmacytic disorder associated with monoclonal IgM increase is listed as a cause of hyperproteinemia?
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
254
What broad category of disorders associated with increased gamma globulins is listed as a cause of hyperproteinemia?
Polyclonal gammopathies
255
What renal disease listed in the text causes hypoproteinemia due to increased excretion of protein in urine?
Nephrotic syndrome
256
What gastrointestinal mechanism listed in the text contributes to hypoproteinemia through protein leakage?
Leakage in GIT
257
What type of injury listed in the text can cause hypoproteinemia due to blood loss?
Open wounds+internal bleeding+extensive burns
258
What nutritional mechanism listed in the text contributes to hypoproteinemia through inadequate dietary protein?
Deficiency of protein in diet
259
What gastrointestinal mechanism listed in the text contributes to hypoproteinemia through impaired absorption?
Intestinal malabsorption
260
What intestinal disease listed in the text is associated with structural damage and protein‑losing enteropathy?
Sprue
261
What term in the text refers to the IFCC‑recommended method that treats total protein in an alkaline medium with copper and measures the violet complex at 545 nm?
Biuret method
262
What parameter listed in the text is used to calculate globulin after albumin and total protein are measured?
Albumin‑to‑globulin ratio
263
What relationship is used in the text to calculate globulin from total protein and albumin?
Total protein minus albumin
264
What test is used in the text to precipitate globulins and then measure albumin in the supernatant?
Salt precipitation method
265
What is the main reagent used in the salt precipitation method for albumin in the text?
Sodium sulfate
266
After salt precipitation what analytical method is used to quantify albumin in the supernatant in the text?
Biuret reaction or routine total protein methods
267
What electrophoretic technique listed in the text separates proteins based on charge and gives an overview of albumin and globulin fractions?
Serum protein electrophoresis
268
What support medium commonly used in clinical SPE is mentioned in the text?
Cellulose acetate
269
What other common support medium in SPE is mentioned in the text?
Agarose gel
270
What buffer pH in the text allows most serum proteins to carry a net negative charge and migrate toward the anode?
pH 8.6
271
What component of the electrophoresis setup applies the electric field?
Electrical power
272
What is the main detecting method listed in the text that visualizes protein bands and then quantifies them?
Staining and scanning densitometry
273
What dye listed in the text is used to stain protein bands after separation in SPE?
Ponceau S
274
What other dye listed in the text is used to stain protein bands in SPE?
Amido black
275
What additional dye listed in the text stains protein bands in SPE and is commonly used in laboratories?
Coomassie brilliant blue
276
What system in the text is used to quantify the stained protein bands graphically after SPE?
Scanning densitometer or electropherogram
277
What pattern shown in the text corresponds to a sharply elevated spike in the gamma‑globulin region of the SPE trace?
Monoclonal gammopathy
278
What monoclonal pattern listed in the text shows a narrow band or spike in the gamma region with minimal broad background elevation?
Narrow band in the gamma region
279
What pattern listed in the text shows a flat curve in the alpha1 globulin region with low albumin but normal or elevated other fractions?
Flat curve in alpha1
280
What pattern listed in the text shows low albumin with very high alpha2 and sometimes beta bands?
Low albumin spike+very high alpha2
281
What pattern listed in the text shows decreased albumin with increased alpha1 alpha2 and beta bands?
Decreased albumin+increased alpha1+alpha2+beta
282
What pattern listed in the text is characterized by a blip or small band in the late alpha2 or early beta zone?
Small band in late alpha2 or early beta
283
What pattern listed in the text shows a small band in the alpha2 zone without broad gamma elevation?
Small band in alpha2 zone
284
What pattern listed in the text shows decreased albumin plus a moderate alpha2 band and a low gamma spike?
Low albumin spike+moderate alpha2+low gamma spike
285
What pattern listed in the text shows a flat curve over the gamma‑globulin region?
Flat curve in gamma‑globulin
286
What pattern listed in the text shows decreased albumin and diffuse but small elevation of gamma‑globulin across the gamma region?
Diffuse small elevation of gamma‑globulin
287
What pattern listed in the text shows decreased albumin and diffuse but large elevation of gamma‑globulin?
Diffuse large elevation of gamma‑globulin
288
What pattern listed in the text is associated with increasing hepatocellular damage and elevated gamma‑globulin without albumin decrease?
Increased gamma‑globulin with increasing hepatocellular damage
289
What pattern listed in the text shows no decrease in albumin but increased alpha2 and beta bands?
Increased alpha2 and beta with no albumin decrease
290
What pattern listed in the text shows increased lipoproteins and is associated with biliary disease or obstruction?
Increased lipoproteins (biliary origin)
291
What acute phase pattern listed in the text shows increased albumin‑binding dye uptake and higher measured albumin?
Acute phase elevation of albumin
292
What acute phase pattern listed in the text shows elevated fibrinogen and some alpha2 peaks but normal albumin?
Moderate elevation of fibrinogen and alpha2
293
What laboratory parameter related to total protein and albumin is listed in the text as a convenient monitor of relative changes in protein fractions?
Albumin‑to‑globulin ratio
294
What numerical value range for the albumin‑to‑globulin ratio is given in the text as normal?
1.3 to 3:1
295
What mechanism listed in the text can cause a decreased A/G ratio due to increased globulin?
Increased globulin
296
What condition listed in the text can cause an increased A/G ratio due to decreased globulin?
Hypogammaglobulinemia
297
What condition listed in the text can cause an increased A/G ratio due to increased albumin with or without hypogammaglobulinemia?
Dehydration
298
What graphic representation of SPE in the text plots the relative intensity of protein bands from anode to cathode?
Electropherogram
299
What specimen type is listed in the text for dye‑binding albumin and total protein assays?
Serum in SSTs
300
What fasting requirement is stated in the text for total protein and albumin assays?
Fasting generally not required
MTAP - CLIN CHEM
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
1 - TANGINANG NUMBERS TO44
-
2 - CHEMICALS, SUPPLIES, INTRO STUFF86
-
3 - QC QA97
-
4 - LABORATORY SAFETY STUFF66
-
5 - SPECIMEN COLLECTION STUFF62
-
6 - ANALYTICAL METHOD168
-
7 - CARBOHYDRATES290
-
8 - LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS remake197
-
8 - LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS226
-
9 - PROTEIN remake300
-
9 - PROTEIN232
-
10 - NONPROTEIN NITROGEN253
-
11 - ENZYMES341
-
12 - LIVER FUNCTION TEST184
-
13 - ELECTROLYTES293
-
14 - ACID BASE BALANCE140
-
15 - TRACE METALS117
-
16 - ENDOCRINOLOGY INTRO TO TSH168
-
17 - FSH TO THYROID170
-
18 - PARATHYROID AND ADRENAL HORMONES129
-
19 - PANCREAS, OVARIES, TESTES95
-
20 - THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING194
-
21 - TOXICOLOGY172
-
22 - VITAMINS + TUMOR MARKERS75
