(16) - Bladder II

Question 1

(V. Innervation)

1. Which of the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra require innervation to function correctly?
2. they are innervated bilaterally by what?

Answer 1

1. the urinary bladder and urethra
2. pelvic plexuses (fed by pelvic and hypogastric nerves)

Question 2

(V. Innervation)

1. parasympathetic innervation to the detrusor begins with preganglionic neurons in what?
2. Axons reach the pelvic plexus via what and what?
3. What are located within pelvic ganglia?

Answer 2

1. the sacral spinal cord
2. the lumosacral plexus and pelvic nerve
3. postganglionic cell bodies

Question 3

(V. Innervation)

1. Sympathetic innervation to the bladder and urethra originates where?
2. The preganglionic axons travel through lumbar splachic nerves to the caudal mesenteric ganglion where the majority do what?
3. The continuing pathway involves the right/left what and the what?

Answer 3

1. lumbar spinal cord
2. synapse
3. right/left hypogastric nerve and pelvis plexus

Question 4

(V. Innervation)

1. Somatic innervation of the urethralis muscle involves motor nuclei in what?
2. The axons travel through the lumbosacral plexus and what nerve?

Answer 4

1. the ventral horn of the sacral spinal cord
2. the pudendal nerve

Question 5

just read number 4 (i’ve squared it)

Question 6

(Brain regions known to be concerned with micturition include…)

1. What sends descending axons to excite parasympathetic preganglionic neurons to the detrusor and inhibit sympathetic preganglionic neurons to the smooth internal sphincter? what does this enable?

Answer 6

1. pontine micturition center; synergistic micturition

(the rest of these are small type… should still probably read through them though)

Question 7

(VI. Neurotransmitters and receptors)

1. somatic efferent neurons release ACh at neuromuscular synapses to trigger what?
2. Autonomic preganglionic neurons release ACh at what?
3. in both cases above, ACh target what that generate what?

Answer 7

1. striated muscle contraction
2. synapses with postganglioinc neurons
3. nicotinic ion channel receptors that generate depolarization via cation permeability

Question 8

(VI. Neurotransmitters and receptors)

1. Parasympathetic postganglionic axons relase ACh to produce what through what?
2. Sympathetic postganglioninc axons release NE both within the bladder and within parasympathetic ganglia to effect what?
3. Sympathetic postganglionic axons release NE to contract what in the bladder neck and proximal urethra?

Answer 8

1. detrusor contraction though M3 muscarininc recpeotrs
2. destrusor relaxation
3. smooth muscle sphincter

(now read the red box on 7)

Question 9

(VII. Smooth Muscle Properties)

1. ureter smooth muscle is regarded as unitary - what does this mean?
2. Is detrusor smooth muscle innervation dependent?

Also the contraction rate for destursor smooth muscle is relatively fast among smooth muscles - thus the detrusor muscle is classified as what and what?

Answer 9

1. innervation independent (only pacemaker myocytes in the renal pelvis are innervated and excitation (increased Ca) spreads among individual myocytes via gap junctions
2. yes (gap junction coupling is limited to only small collections of muscle cells) -

multiunit and phasic (as is smooth muscle located in the bladder neck and urethra)

Question 10

(VIII. Role of the Penile Urethra in Ejaculation)

read the red box on 8

Question 11

(VIII. Role of the Penile Urethra in Ejaculation)

(erection)

1. parasympathetic induced vasodilation egorges the what within the postprostatic urethral submucosa? as well as the what that surrounds the penile urethra?

Answer 11

1. stratum spongiosum; corpus spongiosum penis

(straited bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles pump blood into the penis when blood pressure is no longer suffiecient to force blood into the penis)

Question 12

(VIII. Role of the Penile Urethra in Ejaculation)

(Ejaculation)

1. sympathetic or para innervation initiates ejaculation?
2. The smooth muscle sphincter situated in the bladder neck and proximal urethra contracts to accomplish what two things?
3. peristalsis of the ductus deferens conveys spermatozoa into what?
4. Prostatic secretion and contraction of smooth muscle surrounding prostrate lobule do what?

Answer 12

1. sympathetic
2. preclude ejaculation into the urinary bladder and to prevent urine contamination of the ejaculate
3. the lumen of the prostatic urethra
4. adds prostatic secretion to the ejaculatte

Question 13

(VIII. Role of the Penile Urethra in Ejaculation)

1. what type of innervation completes ejaculation?

Answer 13

1. somatic innervation

(innervated by the pudendal nerve, both the urethralis and bulbospongiosus muscles are engaged in propelling ejaculate along the urethra)

(now read the final box)

Question 14

Answer 14

2

Question 15

Answer 15

D

(no watch from 1:30 on)