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Question 1

Prefrontal Lobotomy

Answer 1

Used to treat mental disorders
- severed fivers between the frontal lobe and thalamus
- initially thought to be useful, but actual studies showed it did not work and had serious negative side effects

Question 2

2 modes of thinking

Answer 2

Intuitive- fast, no effort, snap judgements, intuition

Analytical
- slow, requires effort
- problem solving
- critical thinking, pros and cons

Question 3

Heuristics

Answer 3

Shortcuts or rules of things
- used in intuitive thinking but often oversimplifies reality

Question 4

Reliability has validity

Answer 4

Reliability- consistency of measurement
Validity- extent to which a measure assets what it claims to measure

Question 5

Types of reliability

Answer 5

Test re test reliability- similar scores over time

Interrater reliability- two raters should produce similar scores

Question 6

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 6

• watching behaviour in real world settings
• high external validity, findings are generalizable
  -low internal validity, cannot draw cause and effect relationships

Question 7

Case study

Answer 7

• studying one person or a small group for an extended period
• used to inspire new hypotheses and provide existence proofs

Question 8

What are existence proofs

Answer 8

Demonstration that a physiological phenomenon can occur

Question 9

Self report and surveys

Answer 9

• subject assesses their own characteristics
• easy to use, creates lots of data

Question 10

Problems with surveys

Answer 10

• phrasing of questions
• distortion of results from narcissist or malingering
• inaccurate results

Question 11

Observer Report or Rating Data

Answer 11

Avoids the cons of self report but still has own problems

Question 12

Halo effect

Answer 12

Tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to spill to other ratings

Question 13

Horns effect

Answer 13

The tendency for negative traits or behaviors to influence the perception of other characteristics negatively

Question 14

Correlational Design

Answer 14

Examines the strength of relationship between two variables
- 1 - move opposite
0 - no correlation
+1 - move same direction

Question 15

Illusory Correlation

Answer 15

Perception of a statistical association where none exists
- eg) animals not truly effected by full moon

Question 16

Experimental Group

Answer 16

Receives manipulation

Question 17

Control group

Answer 17

Does not receive manipulation

Question 18

Independent variable

Answer 18

Manipulated by the experimenter

Question 19

Dependent variable

Answer 19

Measured by the experimenter
- often using an operational definition

Question 20

What is an operational definition

Answer 20

Specifies how a concept, variable, or term will be measured, observed, or applied in a study

Question 21

Between Group

Answer 21

2 or more non overlapping groups given different treatments

Question 22

Within Group

Answer 22

A single group given 2 or more treatments
- each subject acts as their own control

Question 23

Confounding variable

Answer 23

Variables that differ between the experiment and control groups that is not the independent variable

Question 24

Placebo effect

Answer 24

Improvement because you expect improvement

Question 25

Nocebo effect

Answer 25

Harm resulting from expecting harm

Question 26

Experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 26

Researchers hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome

Question 27

Demand characteristics

Answer 27

Cues that participants picks up allowing them to guess the researchers hypothesis

Question 28

Tuskegee Sylphilis

Answer 28

Subjects diagnosed with Syphilis but not informed nor treated for it - lasted 1932 to 1972

Question 29

REB

Answer 29

Research Ethics Board - oversee the ethics of research

Question 30

Informed consent

Answer 30

Participants must eventually be fully informed of the purpose, duration, and any risks of the study - participants should enter voluntarily and be informed of the right to withdraw

Question 31

Protection from Harm and Disxomfort

Answer 31

Researchers must take reasonable steps to avoid harm

Question 32

Deception and Debriefing

Answer 32

When deception is used the participants must be informed ASAP after the deception - cannot deceive about any physical pain or emotional distress - after the study is done, the participants should be debriefed on the deception and true nature of the study

Question 33

Animal research

Answer 33

CCAC oversees this

Question 34

Meta- analysis

Answer 34

Statistical method that helps researchers interpret large bodies of phychological literature

Question 35

Base rate

Answer 35

How common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population

Question 36

Sharpening vs levelling

Answer 36

Sharpening- specific details are data are exaggerated or made more profound Levelling- where individuals simplify, omit, or tone down details when storing or recalling memories or data