1
Q
Action potential
A
3 Na+ in
2 K+ out
2
Q
in the resting state the inside of the neuron is_______ and the charge outside the neuron is_______
A
Negative
Positive
3
Q
When the neuron is stimulated _______ ions rush into the cell and begin a wave of _____ that travels down the cell.
A
sodium ions (Na+) depolarization
4
Q
Benzodiszepines
A
- diazepam/Valium
- midazolam/Versed
- lorazepam/Ativan
5
Q
diazepam/Valium
A
MOA: acts on the GABA type A receptors in the brain.
6
Q
GABA
A
-is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
-benzos have no direct effect on the GABA recoptors, but do potentiate the effects of GABA.
increased GABA = increased sedation
7
Q
AEIOUTIPS
A
A-alcohol/acidosis E-epilepsy/electrolytes/encephalopathy I-infection O-overdose U-uremia T-trauma I-insulin P-psychosis/poisoning S-stroke/seizure/syncope
8
Q
Sensory neurons
A
related to touch, pain, temp, proprioception, sight, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium (balance)
9
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
-transmits nerve impulses from the PNS to skeletal muscles
10
Q
5 drugs narcan reverses
A
- fentanyl
- heroine
- morphine
- oxycodone
- hydrocodone
- demerol
11
Q
Morphine
A
pain managment
opiod analgesic
12
Q
Acetylcholine (ACH)
A
is a neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons
13
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
transmits action potentials from the PNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and certain glands
14
Q
in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) cholinergic neurons include
A
- all sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
- sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons that innervate, most sweat glands
- all parasympathetic posy-ganglionic neurons
15
Q
ACH always binds with
A
nicotinic or muscarinic receptors
16
Q
4 types of neuroglia of the CNS
A
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglial cells
- ependymal cells
17
Q
astrocytes
A
- build blood brain barrier
- star shaped, have many processes
- largest and most abundant
18
Q
2 types of astrocytes
A
- protoplasmic astrocytes
- short branching processes
- found in gray matter
- fibrous astrocytes
- long unbranched processes
- found in white matter
19
Q
processes of the astrocytes
A
make contact with blood capillaries, neurons and pia matter
20
Q
functions of astrocytes
A
- support neurons
- help create unique selectively permiability around the endothelial cells
- in the embryo, secrets chemicals that appear to regulate growth, migration and interconnection among the brains neurons
- help maintain proper chemical enviromnt
- aids in learning and memory by influencing the formation of the neural synapses
21
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
- resemble astrocytes but smaller and fewer processes
- responsible for forming and maintaining mylein sheath around CNS axons
22
Q
microglial or microglia cells
A
- small cells with slender processes that give off spine like projections
- function as phagocytes: remove cellular debris/waste
23
Q
ependymal cells
A
cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia
- line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord (anywhere there is CSF)
- produce, monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF
- form blood brain barrier
24
Q
parts of the brain
A
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
- brain stem
- cerebellum
- pitutary glad
- wrenickes area
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
25
Frontal Lobe functions
- movement
- critical thinking
- problem solving
- concentration
- behavior, personality
- judgement, planning
- mood
26
parietal lobe
- sensations
- language
- perception
- body awareness
- attention
27
Broca's are
speech
28
occipital lobe
- vision
| - perception
29
temporal lobe
- hearing
- speech
- language
- emotion
- memory
30
brainstem
- Midbrain:
- Pons:
- Medulla: HR, RR, swallowing, sneezing, vasoconstriction, vomiting ceter
31
Cerebellum
- posture
- balance
- coordination of movement
- fine motor control
32
Wernicke's area
-language comprehension
33
Hypothalamus
- homeostasis
- hunger
- thirst
- temperature control
34
Epithalamus
contains pineal gland
| secrets melatonin
35
amygdala
emotional processing
36
Hipppocampus
- part of limbic system
| - involved in learning and memory
37
cerebrum
- gray and white matter
| - corpus callosum joins the hemispheres
38
reticular function
- helps regulate muscle tone
- alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals
- maintain consciousness
- awaken from sleep
39
Brain Lobes and functions
- Frontal lobe: emotion, speech, personality, creativity
- Parietal lobe: processing, nerve impulses relating to the senses
- Temporal lobe: hearing, memory, language
- Occipital lobe: vision
40
Gray matter
intergration
41
White matter
tracts
42
Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
- helps initiate and terminate movement
- suppress unwanted movement
- regulate muscle tone
43
Medulla
-controls HR, RR, swallowing, sneezing, vasoconstriction, and is the vomiting center
44
Pons
- connects different areas of the brain
| - helps control breathing
45
medbrain
- controls eye movement
- sensory impulses to the thalamus
- process visual and auditory information
46
Cranial nerves
```
1 Olfactory
2 Optic
3 Oculomotor
4 Trochlear
5 Trigeminal
6 Abducens
7 Facial
8 Acoustic/ Vestibulocochlear
9 Glossopharyngeal
10 Vagus
11 Accessory
12 Hypoglossal
```
47
1 olfactory
- sensory nerve
- effects smell
- test: smell alcohol swab
48
2 Optic
- sensory nerve
- effects vision/ sight
- test: vision chart
49
3 Occulomotor
- motor nerve
- effects movement of the eye ball, eyelid and pupil constriction
- test: follow finger, light reaction
50
4 Trochlear
- motor nerve
- movement of the eye up, down, left, right
- test: follow finger
51
5 Trigeminal
- both sensory and motor nerve
- touch, pain, thermal sense, chewing, middle ear muscle, clenching, innervation of cornea
- test: (touch test) touch patients face, clench jaw
52
6 abducens
- motor nerve
- movement of eyeballs
- test: follow finger
53
7 facial
- both sensory and motor
- sensory signals form tongue, facial expression
- test: stick out tongue, smile
54
8 Acoustic
- sensory nerve
- hearing, equilibrium
- test: balance on one leg, hearing from different distances
55
9 Glossopharyngeal
- both sensory and motor
| - digestion, resting body, swallowing, BP, O2/CO2 retention, saliva
56
10 Vagus
- both sensory and motor
- parasympathetic response, swallowing, thoracic/abdominal sensation
- test: swallow/ bare down
57
11 Accessory
- motor nerve
- movement of head, pectoral girdle
- test: shoulder shrug
58
12 Hypoglossal
- motor nerve
- speech, chewing, swallowing
- test: speech, stick out tongue
59
Cranial nerves in the Medulla
- acoustic
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
60
cranial nerves in the Midbrain
- occulomotor
| - trochlear
61
cranial nerves in the pons
- trigeminal
- abducens
- facial
- acoustic
62
nerve plexuses
- cervical
- brachial
- lumbar
- sacral & coccygeal
63
Cervical Plexus
- formed by the anterior rami (roots) of the first four cervical nerves: C1-C4 with some contributions from C5
- supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and upper portion of the shoulders
- the phrenic nerve arises from the cervical plexus
64
Phrenic nerve
- arises form cervical plexus
- C3, C4, C5
- supplies motor function of the diaphragm
65
Brachial plexus
- anterior rami (roots) of spinal nerves
- C5-C8 and T1
- extends inferiorly and laterally
- passes above the first rib posterior to the clavicle
- provides nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs
- has 5 main branches
66
Branches of Brachial plexus
-axillary
-musculocutaneous
-radial
median
-ulnar
67
Lumbar plexus
anterior rami of L1-L4
| -supplies abdo wall, external genitals and lower limbs
68
Sacral & coccygeal plexuses
-anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4
69
Reflex arc
1) sensory receptor
2) sensory neuron
3) integration center
4) motor neuron
5) effector
70
damage to C1-C3
- no function maintained from the neck down
| - require a vent for breathing
71
damage to C4-C5
-loss of control of diaphragm
72
damage to C6-C7
-maintain some arm and chest muscles
73
damage to T1-T3
intact arm function
74
damage to T4-T9
maintain control of trunck above navel
75
Damage to T10-L1
use of upper leg muscles
76
Damage to L1-L2
use of some lower leg muscles
77
Saltatory conduction
- special mode of action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons.
- nodes of ranvier
- jumping from node to node: faster
78
continuous conduction
- step by step depolarization and repolarization
| - unmyelinated
79
neurotransmitters
- ACH: acetylcholine
- glutamate
- GABA
- norepi
- epi
- dopamine
- serotonin
80
ACH
- excitatory at the neuromuscular
| - inhibitory at other synapses
81
Glutamate
-main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
82
GABA
-main inhibatory neurotransmitter of the brain
83
Dopamine
- active during emotional responses
| - addictive
84
serotonin
- involved with sensory perception
| - regulating mood, appetite and sleep
85
CPP= MAP-ICP
MAP=DBP + 1/3 PP
86
CPP
MAP
ICP
CPP 60-80 mmHg
MAP 70-95 mmHg
ICP 10-15 mmHg
87
anisocoria
unequal pupils
88
coma patients pupil response
normal pupil respones = toxic or metabolic cause
| asymmetrical or unresponsive = tramatic or stuctural cause
89
stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
- decreased cardiac strength
- decreased HR
- decreased electrical excitability
- accelerated digestive function
90
classifications of neurons
structural or functional
91
structural neurons are classified by number of processes extending from the cell body
- multipolar: several dendrites, one axon. all motor neurons and most neurons in the brain
- Bipolar: one main dentrite and one main axon, found in retina and inner ear as well as olfactory area of the brain
- unipolar: dendrites and axon are fused together
92
functional neuron classifactions
| -based on the direction in which they convey impulse in regaurds to CNS
1) Sensory neuron: Afferent
- unipolar
- convey impulses toward CNS
2) Motor neuron: Efferent
- multiolar
- convey action potentials away from CNS
3) interneurons: Association
- located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons
- process incoming information and elicit a motor response
- most are multipolar
93
Ion channels
- leak
- ligand-gated
- mechanical
- voltage-gated
94
leak channels
- gated channels that randomly open and close
| - found in nearly all cells, this includes dendrites, cell bodies and axons
95
ligand-gated channels
- open in response to binding of ligand(chemical stimulation)
- found in dendrites and some sensory neurons such as pain recptors
- found in dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
96
mechanically gated channels
- open in response to mechanical stimulation (touch, pressure, vibration)
- found in dendrites of sensory neurons
97
voltage-gated channels
- open in response to voltage stimulation
| - found in axons of all neurons
98
Dermatones
- sensory information only
- C1 doesn't a dermatone
- trigeminal nerve has a dermatone
99
removal of neurotransmitter
removed by
- diffusion
- ezymatic degradation
- uptake into the cell
100
Sympathetic
- stems from Thoracolumbar region
- Distributed to wide regions of body
- skin
- sweat glands
- arrector muscles of the hair
- adipose tissue
- smooth muscle of blood vessels.
Parasympathetic
-stems from Craniosacral regions
Limited mainly to head and to viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis; some blood vessels.
101
sypathetic
| -anterior rammi of the thoracolumbar T1-L2
parasympathetic
cranialscaral
-Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
-lateral gray matter of S2–S4.
ACP
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