1
Q
4 functions of electrolytes
A
- control osmosis of water
- help maintain acid base balance
- carry electrical current
- cofactors needed for activity of enzymes
2
Q
AHD VS Aldosterone
A
ADH
- released from posterior pituitary
- increases osmolarity of ECF, decreases blood volume
- target site is collecting duct and principal cells
- increases waster reabsorption
Aldosterone
- released from adrenal cortex
- increased angiotensin 2, and potassium
- target site collecting duct
- increased K+, increased reabsorption of water and Na+
- increased BP and volume
3
Q
Net Filtration pressures
A
- Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure: outwatd from capsule. 55 mmHg
- capsular Hydrostatic Pressure: inwards. 15 mmHg
- Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure: inward 30 mmHg
4
Q
2 major blood vessels of abdomen
A
aorta
inferior vena cava
5
Q
Function of Nephrons
A
- Glomerular filtraion
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
6
Q
Functions of nephrons
A
- Glomerular filtraion: blood plasma and dissolved substances get filtered into the glomerular capsule
- Tubular reabsorption: along renal tubule and collecting duct water, ions and other substaces get reabsorbed
- Tubular secertion: along renal tubule and collecting duct waste, drugs amd excess ions are secreted and ultimately excreted via urine
7
Q
4 cells of the GI tract
A
- Absorptive cells
- Goblet cells
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Paneth cells
8
Q
4 cells of GI tract
A
- absorptive cell: digest and absorb nutrients
- Goblet cells: secrete mucus
- Enteroendocrine cells: secrete GIP (gastric inhibatory polypeptide)
- Paneth cells: secretes lysozynes, phagocytesis
9
Q
4 cells of the stomach
A
- mucous cell
- parietal cell
- cheif cell
- G cell
10
Q
4 cells of the stomach
A
- Mucous cell: secrete Mucous, proctive barrier that prevents break down of stomach wall
- parietal cells: secrete intrinsic factor and HCL, absotption of B12
- Cheif cells: secrete pepsinogen, breaks protiens into peptides
- G-cells: secrete Gastrin, stimulates parietal and cheif cells, increases motility of the stomach
11
Q
urinary catheterization indications vs contraindications
A
indications
- urinary retention
- immobility
- bed ridden
- enlarged prostate
- nerve injury of the bladder
- hip Fx
contraindacations
- trauma to urinary tract
- urethral mass
- acute bacterial prostatitis
12
Q
3 salavary glands
A
- submandibular
- sublingual
- parotid
13
Q
3 salavary glands
A
- submandibular: bentath floor of the mouth, amylase thicker
- sublingual: beneath mucus membrane below tounge, amylase thickest
- parotid: either side of mouth in front of the ears, amylase thinnest
14
Q
functions of kidneys
A
- regulate blood volume
- regulate blood composition
- regulate BP
- regulate glucose
- regulate PH
- produce hormones
- excrete waste
- filter waste
15
Q
waste products filtered by kidneys
A
urea ammonia creatinine uric acid urobilin
16
Q
regulate glomerular flow
A
- adjust blood flow in and out of glomerulus
- altering capillary surface area
- dilate/ constrict afferent/ efferent arterioles
17
Q
Glomerular filtrarion rate
A
- renal autoreglation
- neural regulation
- hormone regulation
18
Q
layers of GI tract
A
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
19
Q
layers of the GI tract
A
-mucosa: forms villi increase surface area aid in absorption, digestion and protection -submucosa: consists of connective tissue highly vascular, part of ANS regulates movment of muscosa -muscularis: skeletal and smooth muscle, swallowing, peristalsis -serosa: connective tissue, part of viseral peritoneum
20
Q
tubular secretion
A
- control PH, eliminate waste (uric acid, urea, ammonia)
- transfer from blood into tubular fluid
21
Q
3 steps in urine production
A
- glomerular filtrarion
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
22
Q
ADH
A
ADH
- released from posterior pituitary
- increases osmolarity of ECF
- target site is collecting duct and principal cells
- increases waster reabsorption
23
Q
Aldostrone
A
Aldosterone
- released from adrenal cortex
- increased angiotensin 2, and potassium
- target site collecting duct
- increased K+, increased reabsorption of water and Na+
- increased BP and volume
24
Q
4 functions of electrolytes
A
pH (acid/base balance)
Osmolarity (water balance)
AP conduction (nerve function)
Cofactor for optimal enzyme production
25
Cells of the stomach and functions
Mucous – secrete mucous
Parietal – HCl- and intrinsic factor
Chief cell – secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G-cell – secrete gastrin
26
Layers of the GI tract and what they are made up of
```
-Mucosa
simple stratified, mucus and
hormone secreting
-Muscularis mucosa – folds to increase surface
area for digestion/absorption
-Submucosa – connective tissue
-Serosa – visceral peritoneum
```
27
Salivary Glands function and location
Parotid – salivary amylase
Submandibular – salivary amylase, mucous
Sublingual – salivary amylase, mucous, lipid lipase
28
3 functions of a nephron (Filtration, reabsorption, secretion)
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
29
Steps in urine production
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
30
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (pressure of blood on arterial walls) – promotes filtration (55mmHg)
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (pressure of capsule acting on arteriole) – opposes filtration (15mmHg) and
31
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (pressure of proteins in blood) – opposes filtration (30mmHg)
Net filtration = GBHP-CHP-BCOP
= 55 – 15 – 30
= 10mmHg
32
ADH
Reuptake of water in the collecting duct
Increases water reabsorption by increasing water permeability
Aldosterone
Reuptake of sodium ad water
Potassium secretion
33
Define and give examples of tubular secretion
```
Substances not needed by the body are removed from the blood and discharged into urine by active transport
K+
H+
PHO4-
Urea
Creatinine
drugs
```
34
2 things that effect GFR
Blood volume
| Capillary surface area
ACP
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