2024 Flashcards

Question

# adjective (of people) able to do many different things or to adjust to new conditions, or (of things) able to be used for many different purposes: | C2

Answer 1

**versatile** | /ˈvɜr·sə·t̬əl/ ## Footnote * Leopard are the most **versatile** of all the big cats, adapt at finding cover in the most unpromising places. * He is a very **versatile** actor. * We want all our staff to be **versatile**.

Answer 2

**dye** present participle **dyeing** | past tense and past participle **dyed** | /daɪ/ ## Footnote * [ + obj + adj ] He **dyed** his hair black. * dye something + adj. She **dyed** her hair blonde.

Answer 3

**esthetician** UK spelling: **aesthetician** | /ˌes.θəˈtɪʃ.ən/ ## Footnote * She gets a facial every two weeks from a well-known **aesthetician**. * The centre's **aestheticians** offer treatments such as micro peels, which can help with age spots and sun spots.

Answer 4

**atheism** OPPOSITE **theism** | /ˈeɪθiɪzəm/ ## Footnote ***Soft atheism*** is the lack of belief in any god or gods, without asserting that there are none. ***Hard atheism*** is the belief that no god or gods exist, and that there is evidence or argument to support this claim ***Soft atheists*** may be ***agnostic***, meaning that they do not think that the existence or non-existence of god or gods can be known or proven. ***Hard atheists*** may reject the concept of god or gods as irrational, harmful, or incompatible with science and human rights. from Greek atheos, from a- ‘without’ + **theos** ‘god’.

Answer 5

**hop** | /hɑːp/ ## Footnote 1. I couldn't put my weight on my ankle and had to **hop** everywhere. 2. The frog **hopped** towards him. 3. **Hop in**, I'll drive you home. 4. I **hopped** a plane for New York. 5. I like to **hop** from channel to channel when I watch TV.

Answer 6

**canker sore** (also **canker**) (British English **mouth ulcer**) | /ˈkæŋ.kɚ ˌsɔːr/ ## Footnote Unlike cold sores, **canker sores** don’t occur on the surface of your lips and they aren’t contagious.

Answer 7

**revitalize** (British English also **revitalise**) | /ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/ ## Footnote In the context of skincare, when a product claims to “**revitalize**”, it means that it aims to restore or improve the appearance, health, and vitality of the skin. In your case, the “**revitalizing** vitamin E” in the cream is intended to rejuvenate the skin, making it look fresher and more vibrant.

Answer 8

**rejuvenate** | /rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt/ ## Footnote * His new job seemed to **rejuvenate** him. * special creams to **rejuvenate** the skin

Answer 9

**infamous** | /ˈɪn.fə.məs/ ## Footnote * a general who was **infamous** for his brutality * the most **infamous** concentration camp * (humorous) the **infamous** British sandwich

Answer 10

**jot down** | /dʒɑːt daʊn/ ## Footnote * I'll just **jot down** the address for you. * I carry a notebook so that I can **jot down** any ideas. * You can listen to the “ESL Podcast” on platforms like Spotify. As you listen, **jot down** any new vocabulary, idioms, or expressions that you come across.

Answer 11

**elongate** | /ɪˈlɑːŋ.geɪt/8 ## Footnote * (as a verb)The cells **elongate** as they take in water. Synonym **stretch** * (as an adjective) Eels, such as the Snipe Eel, are known for their extremely **elongated** bodies.

Answer 12

**rinse** | /rɪns/ ## Footnote * **rinse something** Always **rinse** your hair thoroughly. * **rinse something out** Make sure you **rinse** all the soap out.

Answer 13

**Aloe Vera** | /ˌæl.oʊ ˈvɪr.ə/

Answer 14

**Shilajit** ## Footnote The word "**shilajit**" has its roots in Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-Aryan language. In Sanskrit, "**shilajit**" is derived from the combination of two words: "***shila***," meaning rock, and "***jit***," meaning conquered or won. Therefore, "**shilajit**" can be translated to mean "***conqueror of mountains***" or "***rock-invincible***."

Answer 15

**coax** | /koʊks/ ## Footnote **coax someone into doing something** Perhaps you could **coax** your father into taking you to the station. **coax someone to do something** I **coaxed** her to eat a little bit. A mother was **coaxing** her reluctant child into the water. a **coaxing** voice Synonyms **cajole** **inveigle** formal **wheedle** disapproving

Answer 16

**volitional** | /vəˈlɪʃ.ən.əl/ ## Footnote * We can ask questions like "Can people detect between spontaneous, or real laghter, and **volitional**, on demand alughter ? * mental processes over which we have **volitional** control. * The action is not mechanical; it is **volitional**.

Answer 17

**instantaneously** | /ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəsli/ ## Footnote * The show sold out **instantaneously**. * Electronic copies can be sent around the world almost **instantaneously**.

Answer 18

**incongruous** | /ɪnˈkɑːŋ.ɡru.əs/ ## Footnote * The new computer looked **incongruous** in the dark book-filled library. * **seem incongruous** It seems incongruous to have a woman as the editor of a men's magazine.

Answer 19

**inconclusive** | /ˌɪn.kəŋˈkluː.sɪv/ ## Footnote * The evidence is **inconclusive**. * The medical tests were **inconclusive**, and will need to be repeated. * ***Opposite*** : **conclusive**

Answer 20

**wail** | /weɪl/ ## Footnote * The little girl was wailing miserably. * Homophones **wail** | **whale**

Answer 21

**plummet** | /ˈplʌmɪt/ ## Footnote House prices have **plummeted** in recent months.

Answer 22

**monsoon** | /mɑːnˈsuːn/ ## Footnote The failure of the **monsoon** would destroy harvests on which a billion people rely. (adj **monsoonal**): the sound of the pouring **monsoonal** rain

Answer 23

**accomplished** | /əˈkɑm·plɪʃt/ ## Footnote * Homo Erectus was perhaps one of our most **accomplished** predecessors: They walked upright, used tools and had brains roughly the size of our own. * She was an elegant and **accomplished** woman.

Answer 24

**regurgitate** | /rɪˈɡɝː.dʒə.teɪt/ ## Footnote 1. Owls **regurgitate** partly digested food to feed their young. 2. Many students simply **regurgitate** what they hear in lectures.

Answer 25

**savvy** | /ˈsæv.i/ ## Footnote 1. She's very intelligent, but hasn't got much **savvy**. 2. Teenagers are **savvier** about handling their digital information than adults. (savvy - savvier - savviest)

Answer 26

**treacherous** | /ˈtretʃ·ər·əs/ ## Footnote 1. Freezing rain made driving **treacherous**. 2. He was **treacherous**, or at least sneaky.

Answer 27

**lair** | /ler/ ## Footnote a fox's **lair** the thieves' **lair**

Answer 28

**rendezvous** plural **rendezvous** | /ˈrɑːn.deɪ.vuː/ ## Footnote 1. The police arranged to **rendezvous** with their informant at a disused warehouse. 2. This restaurant is a popular **rendezvous** for local artists. 3. We have a **rendezvous** for next week, don't we? **ETYMOLOGY**: from French rendez-vous! ‘present yourselves!’,

Answer 29

**conserve** | /kənˈsɜːrv/ ## Footnote 1. new laws to **conserve** wildlife in the area 2. apricot/strawberry **conserve**

Answer 30

**replenish** | /rɪˈplenɪʃ/ ## Footnote * to **replenish** food and water supplies * Allow me to **replenish** your glass. * Does your glass need **replenishing**? * Hyaluronic acid line deeply hydrates and **replenishes** skin moisture barrier.

Answer 31

**consenting adult** | /kənˌsentɪŋ əˈdʌlt/ /kənˌsentɪŋ ˈædʌlt/ ## Footnote What **consenting adults** do in private is their own business.

Answer 32

**consenting** | /kənˈsen.tɪŋ/ ## Footnote * **Consenting** adults (= people who are considered old enough to agree to something, especially sexual activity) who engage in these sexual acts in private would not be prosecuted. * This is a straightforward contract between **consenting** parties. * If they want to dig on the land, and the owner is **consenting**, they can. * **consenting** intercourse/sex/sexual activity

Answer 33

**consent** | /kənˈsent/ ## Footnote (noun) * The written **consent** of a parent is required. * ***consent to something***: Children under 16 cannot give **consent** to medical treatment. * to refuse/withhold your **consent** * ***without (somebody's) consent***: He is charged with taking a car without the owner's **consent**. ------------------------------------------------------- (verb) * When she told them what she intended, they readily **consented**. * ***consent to something:*** He reluctantly **consented** to the proposal. * ***consent to do something:*** She finally **consented** to answer our questions.

Answer 34

**age of consent** | /ˌeɪdʒ əv kənˈsent/ ## Footnote The girl was under the **age of consent**.

Answer 35

**premise** (also British English, less frequent **premiss**) | /ˈpremɪs/ ## Footnote * For example, in the argument “All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore, Socrates is mortal”, the first two statements are **premises** and the last one is the conclusion. * The argument rests on a **false** **premise**.

Answer 36

**tease** | /tiːz/ ## Footnote * Don't get upset—I was only **teasing**. * She **teased** the men with an expression that was both innocent and knowing.

Answer 37

**fallacy** | /ˈfæləsi/ (plural **fallacies**)

Answer 38

**Foxp2** ## Footnote Mutations in Foxp2 can cause a type of speech disorder called ***apraxia***, which makes it difficult to produce sequences of sound

Answer 39

**congruent** | /ˈkɑːŋ.ɡru.ənt/ ## Footnote Our goals are **congruent**; there is no conflict. We need the freedom to direct funds in a way that is **congruent** with local priorities.

Answer 40

**Outstanding** | /ˌaʊtˈstæn.dɪŋ/ ## Footnote 1. Introduction: Why **Outstanding** Conversation Skills Will Change Your Life 2. **an outstanding debt** / **balance**

Answer 41

**Homo Erectus** | /ˌhoʊmoʊ əˈrɛktəs/ ## Footnote an early form of human that was able to walk on two legs. he term “Homo Erectus” comes from Latin, meaning “upright man” or "standing man"5. The name was given by Eugène Dubois, a Dutch surgeon, who found the first Homo erectus individual in Indonesia in 1891.

Answer 42

**Homo Erectus** | /ˈhoʊmoʊ ɪˈrɛktəs/ ## Footnote [Brain Evolution and Tool Use](https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/homo-erectus-a-bigger-smarter-97879043/): This article from Nature explores the connection between brain size, tool complexity, and the potential cognitive abilities of **Homo erectus**.

Answer 43

**SEXUAL DIFORMISM** ## Footnote For example, many birds show at least some dimorphism in color, the female being cryptically colored to remain concealed on the nest while the more-colorful male uses display in courtship and territorial behaviors2. Pronounced size differences may occur between the sexes. For example, male baboons are more than twice as large as females2. Sexual dimorphism can lead to exaggerated dimorphic traits that are used predominantly in competition over mates1. The increased fitness resulting from ornamentation offsets its cost to produce or maintain, suggesting complex evolutionary implications1. The opposite of dimorphism is monomorphism, when both biological sexes are phenotypically indistinguishable from each other

Answer 44

**bilingual dictionary** | /baɪˈlɪŋɡwəl ˈdɪkʃənˌɛri/ ## Footnote Lexicographers are responsible for compiling and editing **bilingual dictionaries**, ensuring accurate translations.

Answer 45

**thesaurus** | **/θɪˈsɔːr.əs/** plural **thesauruses** or formal **thesauri** /-ˈsɔːr. ## Footnote I couldn’t find the word in the **thesaurus**.

Answer 46

**Roget's Thesaurus** | /rəʊˌʒeɪz θɪˈsɔːrəs/ (also also informal **Roget**) ## Footnote Roget was a scientist and inventor who started work on the thesaurus when he retired as Secretary of the Royal Society in 1848. It contains English words or phrases arranged together in groups according to their meaning, and is still used today by people looking for the most appropriate word or phrase to use in a piece of writing. New editions of Roget are published regularly.

Answer 47

**thesaurus**

Answer 48

**Brain fog** (also known as ***mental fog***)

Answer 49

**distribute** | /dɪˈstrɪb.juːt/ ## Footnote Viruses are often **distributed** via email.

Answer 50

Cannanbis in Greek, Marijuana in Mexican, Gangja in Hindi or Bhanga in Sanskrit

Answer 51

**abominable** | /əˈbɑːmɪnəbl/ ## Footnote [Enistien] The crime of the Germans is truely the most **abominable** ever to be recorded in the history of so-called civilized nations.

Answer 52

**issue** | /ˈɪʃ.uː/ /ˈɪs.juː/ ## Footnote * There's an article on motorbikes in the latest/next **issue**. * An old **issue** of "Homes and Gardens" lay on the table. * “I was looking for previous **issues** of the ‘Psychology Now’ magazine at the main library branch.”

Answer 53

**scare someone to death** ## Footnote * Thunderstorms **scare her to death**. * Spiders **frighten him to death**. *

Answer 54

**conscience** | /ˈkɑːn.ʃəns/ ## Footnote 1. This is a matter of individual **conscience** (= everyone must make their own judgement about it). 2. I have a terrible **conscience** about it.

Answer 55

**eau de parfum** ## Footnote **Eau de parfum** is a term used to describe a type of fragrance concentration. It is not specifically designed for either men or women; rather, it can be worn by anyone. The concentration of essential oils in eau de parfum is typically higher than that in eau de toilette, resulting in a longer-lasting scent experience. Whether you’re male or female, feel free to enjoy the delightful fragrances offered by eau de parfum!

Answer 56

**Eau de Toilette (EDT)**

Answer 57

**Eau de Cologne** (EDC)

Answer 58

**telomere** | /ˈte.lə.mɪr/ ## Footnote As we age, our **telomeres** become shorter and shorter and finally it can't protect chromosomes against damages and this leads to diseases and finally death. ***ETYMOLOGY*** The term “telomere” comes from the Ancient Greek words τέλος (télos) meaning ‘end’, and μέρος (méros) meaning 'part’.

Answer 59

**pore** | /pɔːr/ /pɔːr/

Answer 60

**abruptly** | /əˈbrʌptli/ ## Footnote 1. The interview ended **abruptly**. / He left **abruptly**. 2. ‘Come here!’ she said **abruptly**.

Answer 61

**Collagen** | /ˈkɒlədʒən/ ## Footnote “**Collagen** fibers give our skin its firmness and resilience.” Greek word “kolla,” which means “glue.” The suffix “-gen” denotes “producing” or “giving birth to.”

Answer 62

**Elastin** | /ɪˈlæstɪn/ ## Footnote “**Elastin** fibers help our skin bounce back after being stretched.”

Answer 63

**postulate** | /ˈpɑːs.tʃə.leɪt/ ## Footnote it has been ***postulated*** that **homo naledi** were given funerary rites, carried into the chamber, and intentionally placed there. The discovery of Homo naledi expands our understanding of hominin variation and challenges conventional assumptions about brain size and evolutionary advantage.

Answer 64

Species: **Homo naledi** ## Footnote Discovery: Found in the Rising Star Cave system in South Africa. Habitat: Believed to have occupied both woodland and grassland environments. Believed they buried their lost members. Morphology: Mix of primitive and modern human-like features. Significance: Raises questions about human evolution, as the fossils exhibit a unique combination of traits.

Answer 65

**guesstimate** (also guestimate) | /ˈɡestɪmət/

Answer 66

**fickle** | /ˈfɪk.əl/ ## Footnote * Avocados are very **fickle**. * The weather here is notoriously **fickle**.

Answer 67

**guzzle** | /ˈɡʌz.əl/ ## Footnote 1. He **guzzled** his beer and ordered another. 2. The car **guzzles** a gallon of gas every 15 miles.

Answer 68

**faith** | /feɪθ/ ## Footnote Epistemic Faith: Belief without evidence. Religious Faith: Trust in divine or supernatural entities. Faith and Reason: Debated relationship; compatible or opposed. Kierkegaard’s Leap of Faith: True faith requires risk and commitment. Critiques of Faith: Can lead to dogmatism and hinder critical thinking.

Answer 69

**ploraize** (UK usually polarise) | /ˈpəʊləraɪz/ ## Footnote Solar Shield® Classic Fits Over sunglasses are made to wear over your eyeglasses or readers for convenient **polarized** sun-protection.

Answer 70

**ointment** | /ˈɔɪntmənt/ ## Footnote eye **ointment** antiseptic **ointment** He put some **ointment** on the cut.

Answer 71

**cuticle** | /ˈkjuːtɪkl/

Answer 72

**opprobrium** | /əˈproʊ.bri.əm/ ## Footnote 1. With decades of legal and social **opprobrium** fading fast, marijuana has become an extremely popular commercial product with more than 48 million users across the U.S. [Scientific American](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-marijuana-bad-for-health-heres-what-we-know-so-far/?utm_source=promotion&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=march24-marketing20240304_feb-march-engagelink&utm_term=SA_ENGMT_v1_s1) 2. The bombing has attracted international **opprobrium**.

Answer 73

**roach** | /roʊtʃ/ ## Footnote informal for **cockroach**

Answer 74

**rumble** | /ˈrʌmbl/ ## Footnote 1. thunder **rumbling** in the distance 2. Please excuse my stomach **rumbling** - I haven't eaten all day.

Answer 75

**oblivious** | /əˈblɪv.i.əs/ ## Footnote “Many consumers remain **oblivious** to the immense animal suffering that occurs in factory farms before the meat reaches their plates.”

Answer 76

**plantation** | /plænˈteɪʃn/ ## Footnote * a banana/coffee **plantation** * **plantation** workers/owners * Hundreds of enslaved people used to work on the **plantations**.

Answer 77

**fumes** | /fjuːm/ ## Footnote Some of the unluckiest slaves in Ancient Greece worked in mines, digging in tunnels that seeped out poisonous **fumes**.

Answer 78

**debunk** | /diːˈbʌŋk/ ## Footnote New science **debunks** the myth that men evolved to hunt and women to gather. [Scientific American, Nov 2023](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-theory-that-men-evolved-to-hunt-and-women-evolved-to-gather-is-wrong1/)

Answer 79

**infatuated** | /ɪnˈfætʃueɪtɪd/ ## Footnote * She was completely **infatuated** with him. * He’s behaving like an **infatuated** teenager.

Answer 80

**infatuated** | /ɪnˈfætʃ.u.eɪ.t̬ɪd/ ## Footnote * (with somebody/something) having a very strong feeling of love or attraction for somebody/something so that you cannot think clearly and in a sensible way (OLD) * having a very strong but not usually lasting feeling of love or attraction for someone or something (CambridgeD) Feelings **C2**

Answer 81

**substantial** | /səbˈstænʃl/ ## Footnote Presently 40 percent of first marriages in this country end in divorce. Sixty percent of second marriages and 75 percent of third marriages end the same way. Apparently the prospect of a happier marriage the second and third time around is not **substantial**.

Answer 82

**substantial** | /səbˈstænʃl/ ## Footnote large in size, value, or importance

Answer 83

**fanciful** | /ˈfænsɪfl/ ## Footnote * Admittedly, this may be a **fanciful** and unrealistic goal. * During their mission, they encounter all kinds of bizarre and **fanciful** creatures.

Answer 84

**fanciful** | /ˈfænsɪfl/ ## Footnote based on imagination and not facts or reason

Answer 85

**altruistic** | /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ ## Footnote **altruistic** behaviour

Answer 86

**altruistic** | /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ ## Footnote caring about the needs and happiness of other people and being willing to do things to help them, even if it brings no advantage to yourself

Answer 87

**disintegrate** ## Footnote 1. The wall just **disintegrated** in a shower of fragments and dust. 2. The authority of the central government was rapidly **disintegrating**.

Answer 88

**crackpot** | /ˈkrækpɑːt/ ## Footnote **crackpot** ideas/theories

Answer 89

**reciprocal** | /rɪˈsɪprəkl/ ## Footnote * The two colleges have a **reciprocal** arrangement whereby students from one college can attend classes at the other. * a **reciprocal** relationship between citizens and the state

Answer 90

**affirmation** | /ˌæfərˈmeɪʃn/ ## Footnote 1. Some people need frequent **affirmations** of love from their partners. 2. The children were constantly looking for **affirmation** from their parents.

Answer 91

**compliment** | /ˈkɑːmplɪmənt/ ## Footnote [countable] a comment that expresses praise or approval of somebody

Answer 92

**a left-handed compliment** (North American English also **backhanded compliment**) ## Footnote In **a left-handed compliment** she said he looked very good for his age! . Or: “You’re quite articulate for your age!”.

Answer 93

**reciprocate** | /rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt/ ## Footnote to share the same feelings as someone else, or to behave in the same way as someone else:

Answer 94

**tongue** | /tʌŋ/

Answer 95

**encourage** | /ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒ/ ## Footnote “Giving verbal compliments is only one way to express words of affirmation to your spouse. Another dialect is **encouraging** words. The word **encourage** means “to inspire **courage**.” All of us have areas in which we feel insecure. We lack courage, and that lack of courage often hinders us from accomplishing the positive things that we would like to do. The latent potential within your spouse in his or her areas of insecurity may await your encouraging words.” ― Gary Chapman, The Five Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts, pg 40

Answer 96

**hinder** | /ˈhɪn.dɚ/ ## Footnote “Giving verbal compliments is only one way to express words of affirmation to your spouse. Another dialect is encouraging words. The word encourage means “to inspire courage.” All of us have areas in which we feel insecure. We lack courage, and that lack of courage often **hinders** us from accomplishing the positive things that we would like to do. The latent potential within your spouse in his or her areas of insecurity may await your encouraging words.” ― Gary Chapman, The Five Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts, pg 40

Answer 97

**arduous** | /ˈɑːr.dʒu.əs/ ## Footnote * an **arduous** climb/task/journey * She is an excellent writer, but it took the encouraging words from her husband to inspire her to take the first step in the **arduous** process of getting an article published.

Answer 98

**lucrative** | /ˈluːkrətɪv/ ## Footnote * a **lucrative** business/contract/market * Had the plan worked it would have proved highly **lucrative**.

Answer 99

**bolster** | /ˈbəʊlstər/ ## Footnote She tried to **bolster** my ***confidence/morale*** (= encourage me and make me feel stronger) by telling me that I had a special talent.

Answer 100

**juvenile** from Latin **juvenis** ‘young, a young person’. | /ˈdʒuːvənl/ ## Footnote 1. **juvenile** crime/employment 2. the prey of **juvenile** owls 3. Religion can mean believing that God is the source and the goal of life, or that this is at best a **juvenile** distraction; (world religions the great faiths explored and explained. DK 2006) **juvenile** behaviour .... / ... Don't be so **juvenile**!

Answer 101

**juvenile** | /ˈdʒuːvənl/ ## Footnote (disapproving) silly and more typical of a child than an adult - SYNONYM **childish**

Answer 102

**excommunicate** | /ˌek.skəˈmjuː.nə.keɪt/ ## Footnote * It can mean believing that God is the source and the goal of life, or that this is at best a juvenile distraction; loving one’s neighbor as oneself, or **excommunicating** him or her to a fate far worse than death; (world religions the great faiths explored and explained. DK 2006. pg 7) * The Bahá’í Faith rarely **excommunicates** members but reserves it for suppressing organized dissent that threatens unity.

Answer 103

**fledgling** (British English also **fledgeling**) | /ˈfledʒlɪŋ/ ## Footnote 1. Tiger sharks travel a thousand kilometers to get to Laysan island, arriving just in time for the **fledging** season. (Our planet II, S01E02) 2. **fledgling** democracies

Answer 104

**dope** | /doʊp/ ## Footnote 1. They were arrested for smoking/selling/buying **dope**. 2. You shouldn't have told him, you **dope**! 3. His blog is a must-read for anyone who wants the inside **dope** on the tech world. 4. This music is **dope**.

Answer 105

**grim** /ɡrɪm/ | (comparative grimmer, superlative grimmest) ## Footnote If **toadlets** are not quick enough, their fates is ***grim***; They are consumed whole by **giant leeches**. [LINK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOXkE35vPvg)

Answer 106

**commodity** | /kəˈmɑːdəti/ (plural **commodities**) ## Footnote 1. rice, flour and other basic **commodities**. 2. Time is a precious **commodity**.

Answer 107

**lash out** (at somebody/something) | /læʃ/ ## Footnote 1. She suddenly **lashed out** at the boy. 2. In a bitter article he **lashed out** at his critics.

Answer 108

**Love Tank** ## Footnote From the book: * "Keeping your partner’s **love tank** full is crucial for a lasting relationship.” * "“Much of the misbehavior of children is motivated by the cravings of an empty ‘**love tank**’.”

Answer 109

**denazify** | dēˈnätsəˌfī/ ## Footnote Putin (2022 after attacking Ukrain): "We are seeking to ***demilitarize*** and **denazify** Ukrain." "Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill agree to **denazify** Germany"

Answer 110

**mist** | /mɪst/ ## Footnote * The origins of the story are lost in the **mists** of time (= forgotten because it happened such a long time ago). * Through a **mist** of tears, I watched his train pull out of the station. * “After applying a nourishing serum, it’s advisable to follow up with a gentle **facial mist** to lock in moisture and keep your skin hydrated throughout the day.”

Answer 111

**hare** | /her/ ## Footnote Scientists are studying the unique adaptations of desert **hares**, such as their ability to conserve water and survive in hot, arid environments.

Answer 112

**condescending manner** | /kənˌdɪˈsɛndɪŋ ˈmænər/ ## Footnote * Explains things as if listener lacks knowledge * Uses dismissive tone or body language * Offers unsolicited, patronizing advice

Answer 113

**puberty** | /ˈpjuːbərti/ ## Footnote During **puberty**, hormonal variations trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics, with girls experiencing breast growth and menarche (first period) while boys see testicular enlargement and voice deepening. from Latin puber ‘adult’, related to pubes ‘pubic hair, groin, genitals’.

Answer 114

**squeaky** | /ˈskwiː.ki/ (squeakier, squeakiest) ## Footnote * **squeaky** floorboards * Puberty often brings a characteristically **squeaky** voice in boys due to laryngeal development.

Answer 115

**grudge** | /ɡrʌdʒ/ ## Footnote 1. He has a **grudge** against the world. 2. **grudge doing something** I **grudge** having to pay so much tax. **grudge something** He **grudges** the time he spends travelling to work. 3. You surely don't **grudge** her her success?

Answer 116

**corrupt** | /kəˈrʌpt/ ## Footnote * Romania is one of the most **corrupt** countries in Europe. * Scientific: **Corrupt** data sets can lead to unreliable scientific conclusions. * Academic: Many political science courses explore the concept of **corruption** and its impact on governance. * Historical: The Roman Empire's decline is often attributed to widespread political **corruption**.

Answer 117

**truce** | /truːs/ ## Footnote to call/break a **truce** truth and **truce** are **homophones**

Answer 118

"restrain yourself" ## Footnote It’s about exercising self-control and not giving in to immediate desires or urges. For example, if you’re angry, you might need to **restrain yourself** from yelling or reacting aggressively.

Answer 119

**eeriness** | /ˈɪrinəs/ ## Footnote The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), looks peacful now, but underneath this, there is **eeriness** . [Link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyqoU-4WYrE): The hidden village just metres from North Korea | BBC News) the **eeriness** of an empty city

Answer 120

**conscription** | /kənˈskrɪp.ʃən/ ## Footnote **Conscription** has always been a controversial topic. Opponents argue it infringes on individual liberties and can be unfair. Proponents see it as a necessary tool for national defense and fostering social cohesion. **Conscription** comes from Latin "con-scribere" meaning "to write down together" - basically enrolling someone (for military service).

Answer 121

**glacial** | /ˈɡleɪʃl/ ## Footnote 1. It would take the FDA nearly six months to get the Purity First off the market. A response Dr.Spaeth calls "**glacial**" 2. She gave me a **glacial** stare. 3. **glacial** temperatures/period

Answer 122

**rancid** | /ˈrænsɪd/ ## Footnote **rancid** butter **rancid** breath

Answer 123

**The Vikings** | /ˈvaɪ.kɪŋ/ ## Footnote **The Vikings** famously raided and colonized parts of Europe, reaching as far as Newfoundland in North America. **Etymology**: From Old Norse *víkingr (" raider, seafarer"). The root is uncertain, possibly related to ***vik** ("**bay**, **inlet**") suggesting their connection to the **sea**.

Answer 124

**Ragnar Lodbrok** (d. 845 CE)

Answer 125

**exterminate** | /ɪkˈstərˌmɪˌnet/ ## Footnote * When the cockle grows amongst the barley, there is only one way to purify the field. Therefore, tonight, I order that all Vikings living on this island... be **exterminated**. * The government is trying to **exterminate** the invasive insect species. * "**Exterminate**" has a strong connotation of complete and final destruction. It's often used in serious contexts, such as genocide, pest control, or science fiction.

Answer 126

**prowl** | /praʊl/ ## Footnote * if that Jesus bunch caught you **prowling** around over there, you'll be lucky to get back. * At night, adult scorpions **prowl** the desert for (= trying to catch) insects.

Answer 127

**pagan** | /ˈpeɪɡən/ ## Footnote * Some people today practice **pagan** religions, such as Wicca or Druidism. * In ancient Rome, there were many **pagan** gods and goddesses, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Mars.

Answer 128

**paganism** | /ˈpeɪ.ɡən.ɪ.zəm/ ## Footnote **Pagan religions** are often characterized by a belief in multiple deities (polytheism), a reverence for nature, and a focus on ritual and magic.

Answer 129

**idolater** | /aɪˈdɑː.lə.t̬ɚ/ ## Footnote 1. An **idolater** is someone who worships a physical object (idol) as if it were a god or deity. This is often used in the context of Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam) where worshipping one God is central. In these religions, idols are seen as false gods and idolatry is forbidden. 2. This is a more figurative meaning. An **idolater** can also be someone who admires or reveres someone or something excessively, often to the point of worshipping them. This usage isn't necessarily negative. For instance, a teenager who idolizes a musician might have their walls plastered with posters and spend all their free time listening to their music.

Answer 130

**gorge** | /ɡɔːrdʒ/ ## Footnote 1. the Rhine **Gorge** 2. If you **gorge** **yourself** on snacks like that, you won't eat your dinner.

Answer 131

**upend** | /ʌpˈend/ ## Footnote Imagine your favorite toy truck. Normally, it sits on its wheels. If you **upended** it, the wheels would be pointing straight up in the air! Here are some other ways to think about "upend": Tipping something over: You might **upend** a bucket of sand if you're not careful while carrying it. Emptying something completely: You could **upend** a bag of chips to get the very last crumb out.

Answer 132

**litter** | /ˈlɪt̬.ɚ/ ## Footnote 1. About two percent of fast-food packaging ends up as **litter**. 2. Female Pikas can have up to three **litters** per year.

Answer 133

**American Pika**

Answer 134

**diurnal** | /daɪˈɜːrnl/ ## Footnote * Unlike most other bats, this species is **diurnal**.

Answer 135

**covet** | /ˈkʌvət/ ## Footnote He had long **coveted** the chance to work with a famous musician. They are this year's winners of the **coveted** trophy (= that everyone would like to win).

Answer 136

**Suit Yourself** ## Footnote * I don't have a preference. (Neutral tone): "Coffee or tea: **Suit yourself**.") * Fine, but don't complain later. (Passive-aggressive tone): "You won't wear a jacket? **Suit yourself**. Don't complain if you get cold.") * Good luck with that. (Sarcastic tone): I suggest studying for the exam. **Suit yourself** if you want to fail.")

Answer 137

**Heathen** | /hīðən/ ## Footnote Examples: ***Historical***: "The Vikings were considered **heathens** by the Christians." ***Neutral***: "Some scholars believe the ancient Greeks were a **heathen** culture." (This usage is less common today) ***Offensive***: "That man's behavior is so **heathen**!" (This usage is discouraged as it can be disrespectful)

Answer 138

**Valhalla** | /vəˈhalə/ ## Footnote Mythology: "The brave Viking warrior hoped to reach **Valhalla** after his death." Figurative: "The athletes trained with such intensity, it felt like they were preparing for **Valhalla**." (This usage metaphorically compares a place of intense training or competition to Valhalla) **Etymology**: Old Norse Valhöll ("hall of the slain"). Valr (meaning "slain warrior") and höll (meaning "hall").

Answer 139

**latter** | /ˈlæt̬.ɚ/ ## Footnote 1. Bands of these fearsome warriors from modern-day Scandinavia crossed the seas in their unique longboats - sail thrashing in the wind- to conduct terrifying raids in much of Europe and lands to the East from 800 AD to the **latter** part of the 11th century. the **latter** part of the 11th century: refers to a period closer to the end of the 11th century, likely somewhere between the years 1070 and 1100. 2. He chose the **latter** option. / The **latter** point is the most important.

Answer 140

**saviour** | /ˈseɪvjər/ (US English **savior**) ## Footnote 1. The new manager has been hailed as the **saviour** of the club. 2. Religious Context: In many religions, a **savior** is a figure who is believed to rescue humanity from suffering or sin. The most well-known example is Jesus Christ in Christianity, who is believed to be the Son of God who died for humanity's sins.

Answer 141

**reprieve** | /riˈpriːv/ ## Footnote "The King did graunt him a **Reprieve** for a certaine time." (Edward Coke, Institutes of the Laws of England, 1642) from the Middle French word "repriver," which means "to take back" or "to revoke."

Answer 142

**Freya** (also spelled Freyja, Freia) | frei.ja ## Footnote The most beautiful of the Asynjur goddesses, **Freya** was considered second in rank only to Frigg, Odin’s wife, with whom she was sometimes confused. Freya was also the goddess of a form of magic, called seiyr, which she taught to Odin and the other Aesir.

Answer 143

**scoure** | /ˈskaʊ.ɚ/ ## Footnote 1. A young wolf, Cedar, has been **Scouring** the coast for days. looking for food, leftovers, anything. 2. I had to **scour** out the pans.

Answer 144

**scourer** (also **scouring pad**) | /ˈskaʊərər/

Answer 145

**fearsome** | /ˈfɪrsəm/ ## Footnote * a **fearsome** dinosaur * He has a **fearsome** reputation as a fighter. * a **fearsome** expression/sight

Answer 146

**riches** | /ˈrɪtʃɪz/ ## Footnote * a career that brought him fame and **riches** * material **riches** * She was a famous model whose looks were her **riches**. * all the **riches** of the world’s oceans

Answer 147

**fealty** | /ˈfiːəlti/ ## Footnote The Vikings were not a "race" linked by ties of common ancestry or patriotism- and in fact, their **fealty** was to the cheiftain of their particular tribe.

Answer 148

**Leif Erikson** ## Footnote While there is some debate about who the absolute "first" European explorer might have been, **Leif Erikson** is widely credited with leading the first sustained European voyages to North America, pre-dating Columbus by nearly 500 years. This represents a significant achievement in exploration and navigation.

Answer 149

**murky** | /ˈmɜːrki/ (comparative murkier, superlative murkiest) ## Footnote 1. She gazed into the **murky** depths of the water. (figurative) The meaning of this sentence remains **murky** 2. a **murky** night The light was **murky** and it was difficult to see ahead. 3. He had a somewhat **murky** past. He was involved in the **murky** world of arms dealing.

Answer 150

**ferocity** | /fəˈrɑːsəti/ ## Footnote * The police were shocked by the **ferocity** of the attack. * She fought back with a **ferocity** that matched his own * The speed and **ferocity** of the Vikings' movements over oceans and continents - in just a little more than two and half centuries - changed the world forever.

Answer 151

**bullshit** | /ˈbʊlʃɪt/ ## Footnote * I am Marni and I am going to give you the no **bs** insider information about the women. * That guy's full of **BS**.

Answer 152

**stability** | /stəˈbɪləti/ ## Footnote "Iran, because of the great leadership of the Shah, is an island of stability in one of the more troubled areas of the world." JIMMY CARTER 39th President of the United States: 1977 ‐ 1981 Toasts of the President and the Shah at a State Dinner in Tehran, Iran December 31, 1977

Answer 153

**Emperor** SEE ALSO **empress** | /ˈempərər/ ## Footnote Newsweek article on 2023: "[Why Jimmy Carter Owes the Iranian People an Apology](https://www.newsweek.com/why-jimmy-carter-owes-iranian-people-apology-opinion-1813190)" addressed the last shah of Iran: Emperor!. "Regarding the title, the Shah of Iran was indeed a king, not an emperor. The distinction between these titles is significant. While an emperor typically rules over multiple nations or territories, a king’s authority is usually limited to a single kingdom. In the case of the Shah, his title was that of a monarch who ruled Iran. The use of the term “emperor” would not accurately describe his position."

Answer 154

**reminiscence** | /ˌremɪˈnɪsns/ ## Footnote The role of **reminiscence** in family history research should never be underestimated. Etymology: The Latin verb reminisci means “to remember” or “recall to mind.” It combines the prefix “re-” (meaning “again”) and the root “mens” (which signifies “mind”).

Answer 155

**fortify** something (against somebody/something) | /ˈfɔːrtɪfaɪ/ ## Footnote a **fortified** town They **fortified** the area against attack.

Answer 156

**trill** | /trɪl/ ## Footnote * A phone **trilled** on the desk. * Crickets **trill** by rubbing their wings together. * Grasshoppers also produce **trilling** sounds using their wings. * Cicadas create a loud **trill** by vibrating their tymbals (specialized structures on their abdomen).

Answer 157

**astute** | /əˈstuːt/ ## Footnote an **astute** businessman/politician/observer

Answer 158

**banish** somebody (from…) (to…) | /ˈbænɪʃ/ ## Footnote * He was **banished** to Australia, where he died five years later. * The children were **banished** from the dining room. * He pleaded with the Queen not to **banish** him.

Answer 159

**reconciliation** | /ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn/ ## Footnote * The pair are bravely attempting a **reconciliation**. * ***reconciliation with somebody***: Their change of policy brought about a **reconciliation** with Britain. * ***reconciliation between A and B***: He is striving to bring about a **reconciliation** between the two conflicting sides.

Answer 160

**blend in** | /blɛnd ˈɪn/ ## Footnote * ***Scientific***: Chameleons are masters of **blending in** by changing their skin color to match their environment. * ***Academic***: Social psychology studies how people use clothing and behavior to **blend in** with different social groups. * ***Historical***: During wartime, soldiers might wear camouflage uniforms to **blend in** with the landscape and avoid enemy detection.

Answer 161

**ascend** ## Footnote While some in Iran may remember Churchill as a hero, he was also involved in various plots against Iran. His actions included helping Reza Shah Pahlavi **ascend** the throne, occupying Iran during World War II, imposing sanctions after oil nationalization, and dispatching warships to threaten Iran.

Answer 162

**startle** | /ˈstɑːrtl/ ## Footnote * ***startle somebody/something*** I didn't mean to **startle** you. * The explosion **startled** the horse. I was **startled** by her question. She was **startled** into a little cry of surprise. it ***startles*** ***somebody to do something*** : It **startled** me to find her sitting in my office.

Answer 163

**feisty** | /ˈfaɪsti/ (comparative feistier, superlative feistiest) (informal, appro ## Footnote The Adélie penguin is known as the **feistiest** penguin species in the world. They are common along the entire coast of the Antarctic continent, which is the only place where they are found. Despite their small size, these birds are quite **feisty**. They’ve been known to take on potential predators such as seals or large seabirds, and even researchers who get too close. It’s thought there may be over 10 million Adélies in Antarctica.

Answer 164

**Bioinformatics** | /ˌbaɪ.oʊ.ɪn.fərˈmæt.ɪks/ ## Footnote Analyzing DNA sequences to identify genes or predict protein functions: **Bioinformatics** tools can analyze the sequence of nucleotides in DNA to identify genes, understand their regulation, and predict potential mutations.

Answer 165

**mangrove** | /ˈmænɡrəʊv/ ## Footnote * **mangrove** swamps *

Answer 166

**niche** | /nɪtʃ/ ## Footnote 1. She finally found her **niche** in graphic design. 2. With too much competition from predators on land, fishing cats were forced a new **niche** in order to survive. They turned to tthe swamp. 3. The company targets the **niche** market of organic pet food.

Answer 167

**blend** ## Footnote 1. ***blend A with B***: **Blend** the flour with the milk to make a smooth paste. ***blend A and B (together)*** **Blend together** the eggs, sugar and flour. 2. ***blend with something*** Oil does not **blend** with water. ***blend (together)*** Oil and water do not **blend**. 3. ***blend (something) (together)*** The old and new buildings **blend** together perfectly. ***blend something (and/with something)*** Their music **blends** traditional and modern styles. 4. **blended** whisky/tea

Answer 168

**dazzle** | /ˈdæzl/ ## Footnote 1. He was **dazzled** by the warmth of her smile./ She knows a lot of famous people and tried to **dazzle** me with their names. 2. He was momentarily **dazzled** by the strong sunlight.

Answer 169

**shimmer** ## Footnote * As the peacock displays his tail, the **shimmering** eyespots dynamically shift through a spectrum of blues, greens, and golds depending on the viewing angle. * The sea was **shimmering** in the sunlight. * The surface of the road **shimmered** in the midday heat. * She was wearing a **shimmering** white gown.

Answer 170

**plume** | /pluːm/ ## Footnote 1. male Peacock's Colors and **plumes** come at a cost; The immense tail makes flying difficult. 2. a **plume** of smoke

Answer 171

**nocturnal** | /nɑːkˈtɜːrnl/ ## Footnote 1. The first mammals, as far as we can tell, were mostly **nocturnal**. Colors are not easily distinguishable at night, so whay evove the ability to detect them? It seems that the first mammals themselves, were not very colorful. And this is still largely true today. Most are shades of black and white or Brown. (Life in Colour with David Attenborough. S01E01) 2. a **nocturnal** visit

Answer 172

**fend for yourself** ## Footnote * His parents agreed to pay the rent for his apartment but otherwise left him to **fend for himself**. * The fox was released into the wild when it was old enough to **fend for itself**. * The children were left to **fend for themselves**. * We can let our guests **fend for themselves**.

Answer 173

**rump** | /rʌmp/ ## Footnote Male Mandrill are the biggest of all monkeys. It is not only his face which is coloured, so is his **rump**. Bothh are fearless declarations of his health and strenghs.

Answer 174

**grave** | /ɡreɪv/ (comparative graver, superlative gravest) ## Footnote 1. We were in **grave** danger. 2. A **grave** President Clinton held a press conference. 3. We visited Grandma's **grave**.

Answer 175

**hover** | /ˈhʌvər/ ## Footnote * A hawk **hovered** in the sky, waiting to swoop down on its prey. * I heard the noise of a helicopter **hovering** overhead.

Answer 176

**immaculate** | /ɪˈmækjələt/ ## Footnote 1. She always looks **immaculate**. an immaculate uniform/room The property is in immaculate condition. 2. an **immaculate** performance

Answer 177

**cornerstone** ## Footnote Today, "***hypothesis***" is a **cornerstone** of the scientific method. It refers to a tentative explanation that can be tested through experimentation or observation.

Answer 178

**quiver** | /ˈkwɪvər/ ## Footnote * Her lip **quivered** and then she started to cry. * The memory of that day made him **quiver** with anger.

Answer 179

**pollinate** | /ˈpɑːləneɪt/ ## Footnote flowers **pollinated** by bees/the wind

Answer 180

**pollen** | /ˈpɑːlən/ ## Footnote bees gathering **pollen** Origin: The word "pollen" comes from the Latin word "pollin-" or "pollen". Meaning in Latin: "Pollen" in Latin meant "fine flour" or "dust". This directly relates to the fine, powdery nature of pollen grains. Here's a breakdown of how the word evolved: 18th Century Introduction: The scientific term "pollen" was introduced in the 18th century by Carl Linnaeus, a prominent Swedish botanist. He likely adopted the Latin term "pollen" to describe the reproductive elements found in flowers.

Answer 181

**Inukshuk** ## Footnote The Inuit people traditionally built these structures to serve as landmarks and navigational aids. This particular Inukshuk is said to have been used to guide reindeer herds. However, without additional context or information, it’s difficult to provide more details about this specific Inukshuk or its location. If you have more information or specific questions, feel free to ask!

Answer 182

**exonerate** | /ɪɡˈzɑːnəreɪt/ ## Footnote The investigation ultimately exonerated the company of any wrongdoing.

Answer 183

**Neville Chamberlain** (1869-1940) ## Footnote **Chamberlain**’s negotiations with Hitler are widely regarded as one of the great follies of the Second World War. **Chamberlain** fell under Hitler’s spell. (talking to strangers. Malcolm Gladwell. pg 31

Answer 184

**polygraph** | /ˈpɑː.li.ɡræf/ ## Footnote The Cold War heightened concerns about espionage and national security. **Polygraphs** were used extensively in government agencies (e.g., CIA) to detect potential spies. Origin: Greek polygraphos (πολύγραφος) poly- (polys) = "much, many" -graphos (graphos) = "writing"

Answer 185

**breach** | /briːtʃ/ ## Footnote The supposedly meticulous Eastern Europe division, in fact, suffered one of the worst breaches of the entire Cold War. Aldrich Ames, one of the agency’s most senior officers responsible for Soviet counterintelligence, turned out to be working for the Soviet Union.

Answer 186

**enviable** | /ˈen.vi.ə.bəl/ ## Footnote **enviable position**: After the Berlin Wall fell, East German spy chief Markus Wolf wrote in his memoirs that by the late 1980s we were in the **enviable** position of knowing that not a single CIA agent had worked in East Germany without having been turned into a double agent or working for us from the start. On our orders they were all delivering carefully selected information and disinformation to the Americans. (Talknig to Strangers, Malcolm Gladwell, pg26)

Answer 187

**meticulous** | /məˈtɪkjələs/ ## Footnote * **meticulous** planning/records/research * Their room had been prepared with **meticulous** care. * She planned her trip in **meticulous** detail. * **meticulous** **in (doing) something**: He's always **meticulous** in keeping the records up to date. * **meticulous about something**: My father was **meticulous** about his appearance.

Answer 188

**goofy** | /ˈɡu·fi/ goofy goofier goofiest ## Footnote The movie has talking skeletons and **goofy** stuff like that.

Answer 189

"**Rub salt in/into the wound**" ## Footnote When Fidel Castro heard that Aspillaga had informed the CIA of their humiliation, he decided to **rub salt in the wound**. (Talking to Strangers, Malcolm Gladwell. pg: 24

Answer 190

**Pulling the wool over someone's eyes** ## Footnote He was too clever to let them **pull the wool over his eyes.**

Answer 191

**bombshell** | /ˈbɑmˌʃel/ ## Footnote 1. a blonde **bombshell** 2. He dropped a **bombshell** when he announced he would resign.

Answer 192

**espionage** | /ˈespiənɑːʒ/ ## Footnote Intelligence Studies: The practice of **espionage** is a core area of study in intelligence studies, which examines the collection, analysis, and dissemination of secret information for national security purposes. Old Italian word "spione," meaning "spy."

Answer 193

**defector** | /dɪˈfektər/ ## Footnote * a Soviet **defector** to Canada in 1946 form Latin is "dēfectiō" meaning "falling short, failure, abandonment of allegiance."

Answer 194

**lanky** | /ˈlæŋki/ (comparative lankier, superlative lankiest) ## Footnote * a tall, **lanky** teenager * He was thin, **lanky** and pale-skinned.

Answer 195

**sloppy** | /ˈslɑːpi/ (comparative sloppier, superlative sloppiest) ## Footnote 1. **sloppy** thinking Your work is **sloppy**. a **sloppy** worker Regional accents are great; **sloppy** speech is not. 2. a **sloppy** T-shirt

Answer 196

**cagey**(about something) | /ˈkeɪdʒi/ (comparative cagier, superlative cagiest) ## Footnote Tony is very **cagey** about his family.

Answer 197

**labia** | /ˈleɪbiə/ ## Footnote There are two pairs of labia: * **The labia majora (major lips)** are the larger, outer folds. They are covered in pubic hair and fatty tissue and function to protect the inner labia and the opening of the vagina and urethra. * **The labia minora (minor lips)** are the smaller, inner folds. They are hairless and vary in size and color from person to person. The labia minora meet together at the clitoral hood, which covers the clitoris. The labia minora and majora produce lubrication during sexual arousal and childbirth. from the Latin word "labium" (plural: labia)."Labium" in Latin meant "lip"

Answer 198

**émigré** | /ˈemɪɡreɪ/ ## Footnote the son of Russian **émigrés**

Answer 199

**furious** | /ˈfjʊriəs/ ## Footnote 1. Their incompetence made me **furious**. 2. a **furious** debate

Answer 200

**evade** | /ɪˈveɪd/ ## Footnote 1. He managed to **evade** capture. 2. She is trying to **evade** all responsibility for her behaviour.

Answer 201

**dungeon** | /ˈdʌn.dʒən/ ## Footnote * Throw him into the **dungeons**!

Answer 202

**hypoallergenic** | /ˌhaɪpəʊˌælərˈdʒenɪk/ ## Footnote Instead of "**hypoallergenic**," scientists might use more precise terms: "**non-comedogenic**" for cosmetics that won't clog pores (a common allergy trigger) two Greek roots: "hypo" meaning "below average" or "slightly" "allergenic" referring to something that can cause allergies

Answer 203

**clog** | /klɑːɡ/ ## Footnote * The narrow streets were **clogged** with traffic. * Tears **clogged** her throat. * The wheels got **clogged** up with mud. * clog (up) (with something) Within a few years the pipes began to **clog up**. OPPOSITE ***unclog***

Answer 204

**ambiguity** | /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/ ## Footnote 1. Write clear definitions in order to avoid **ambiguity**. 2. There were several inconsistencies and **ambiguities** in her speech. 3. There will always be some **ambiguity** about what actually happened.

Answer 205

**scrutinize** | /ˈskruːtənaɪz/ (British English also scrutinise) ## Footnote * She leaned forward to scrutinize their faces. * The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.

Answer 206

**Ana Montes** ## Footnote Malcolm Gladwell's "Talking to Strangers" uses **Ana Belen Montes**, a trusted DIA analyst who spied for Cuba, to illustrate how our bias towards believing people can hinder our ability to detect deception.

Answer 207

**adversary** | /ˈædvərseri/ (plural adversaries) ## Footnote * Most nations recruit foreign agents or spies to gain intelligence on their **adversaries**.

Answer 208

**sodomy** | /ˈsɑːdəmi/ ## Footnote * ***Historical***: In medieval Europe, laws against **sodomy** often targeted same-sex relations. These laws were used to persecute gay and lesbian people. * ***Academic***: A more appropriate term in a scholarly paper discussing anal sex practices in ancient Greece might be "anal intercourse." from late Latin peccatum Sodomiticum ‘sin of Sodom’ (after the Bible, Gen. 19:5, which implies that the men of Sodom practised homosexual rape)

Answer 209

**redundant** | /rɪˈdʌndənt/ ## Footnote 1. There's a lot of **redundant** information that you could cut out here. 2. **redundant** employees

Answer 210

**slash** | /slæʃ/ ## Footnote 1. Someone had **slashed** the tyres on my car. 2. to **slash** spending/prices/costs 3. He brought his girlfriend-**slash**-partner.

Answer 211

**garrulous** | /ˈɡærələs/ ## Footnote * The normally **garrulous** commentator had nothing to say. * a **garrulous** neighbour * He is **garrulous** and inquisitive.

Answer 212

**perpetrator** (also North American English, informal **perp**) | /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/ ## Footnote * the **perpetrators** of the crime * We will do everything in our power to bring the **perpetrators** to justice.

Answer 213

**heads-up** (plural heads-up, heads-ups) | /ˈhedz ʌp/ ## Footnote * Send everyone a **heads-**up about the changes well in advance. * Can anyone give me a **heads-up** about how to change the format? * his is a **heads-up** about the seminar this week. * His statement said that he was not given a **heads-up** about the FBI raid.

Answer 214

**ceasefire** | /ˈsiːsfaɪər/ ## Footnote * a call for an immediate **ceasefire** * a permanent/a temporary/an interim **ceasefire** * Observers have reported serious violations of the **ceasefire**.

Answer 215

**subside** | /səbˈsaɪd/ ## Footnote * She waited nervously for his anger to **subside**. * When the rain had **subsided** we continued our walk. * I took an aspirin and the pain gradually **subsided**. * He waited until the laughter had **subsided** before continuing his story. * The storm gradually **subsided**.

Answer 216

**intercept** ## Footnote 1. Reporters **intercepted** him as he tried to leave the hotel./ The letter was **intercepted**. 2. Intelligence agencies have been unable to **intercept** any communications between members of the group

Answer 217

**coordinate** | /kəʊˈɔːrdɪneɪt/ (British English also co-ordinate) ## Footnote 1. They appointed a new manager to **coordinate** the work of the team. 2. the part of the brain that **coordinates** body movements 3. This shade **coordinates** with a wide range of other colours. / The company has extended its **coordinated** clothing range.

Answer 218

**inherit** | /ɪnˈherɪt/ ## Footnote 1. She **inherited** a fortune from her father. OPP **disinherit** 2. He has inherited his mother's patience. Is this an inherited disease? How many of these traits are genetically **inherited**? 3. I **inherited** a number of problems from my predecessor.

Answer 219

**awakes** ## Footnote who looks outside **dreams** who looks inside **awakes**

Answer 220

**consulate** | /ˈkɑːnsələt/ ## Footnote the American **consulate** in Marseilles **Consulate** vs **Embassy**: ***Embassy***: Main diplomatic representation in the capital city, handling broader diplomatic matters. ***Consulate***: Smaller version in major tourist cities, focusing on consular services and trade relations.

Answer 221

**flummoxed** | /ˈflʌməkst/ ## Footnote * He studied the document for several long, **flummoxed** minutes. * She was **flummoxed** by the rejection.

Answer 222

**taunt** | /tɔːnt/ ## Footnote * The other kids continually **taunted** him about his size. * I learned how my mind continually **taunted** me with worst-case-scenario thinking

Answer 223

**halt** ## Footnote * She walked towards him and then **halted**. * ‘**Halt**!’ the Major ordered (= used as a command to soldiers). * The police were **halting** traffic on the parade route. * The trial was **halted** after the first week.

Answer 224

**retinol** (also vitamin A) | /ˈretɪnɑːl/ ## Footnote * Compared to the placebo group, the participants who used the **retinol** cream experienced a significant improvement in wrinkle severity. Researchers attributed this improvement to increased collagen production stimulated by the **retinol**.

Answer 225

**expunge** | /ɪkˈspʌndʒ/ ## Footnote * Regardless of the story we have about our parents, They cannot be **expunged** or ejected from us. They are in us and we are part of them—even if we’ve never met them. (It didn't start with you. By Mark Wolynn, pg 15)

Answer 226

**demolish** | /dɪˈmɑːlɪʃ/ ## Footnote 1. The factory is due to be **demolished** next year. 2. A recent book has **demolished** this theory.

Answer 227

**strike** **strike** /straɪk/ **struck** /strʌk/ **struck** /strʌk/ ## Footnote 1. The ship struck a rock. 2. He walked up to the penalty spot and struck the ball firmly into the back of the net. 3. The lion crouched, ready to strike* 4. Two days later, tragedy struck. 5. An awful thought has just struck me. 6. Another part of his comment struck me. 7. Over 100,000 civil servants are set to strike on Tuesday **

Answer 228

**unprecedented** | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ ## Footnote The situation is **unprecedented** in modern times. There were **unprecedented** scenes of violence in the city’s main square.

Answer 229

**conjugate** | /ˌkɑːndʒuˈɡeɪʃn/ ## Footnote Verb conjugation refers to the process of changing a verb’s form to express different aspects such as person, number, tense, aspect, and mood. Here are some key points about verb conjugation: **Person**: Conjugation changes depending on the subject (whether it’s a noun or pronoun). Examples: I cook. You cook (singular). He/She/It cooks. We cook. They cook. **Number**: Conjugation varies based on whether the verb is used with a singular or plural subject. Examples: Singular: I cook. Plural: We cook. **Tense**: Verbs are conjugated to express the time of the action (past, present, or future). Examples: Simple present: I cook. Simple past: I cooked. Simple future: I will cook. **Aspect**: Aspect refers to the degree to which the action is completed. Example: I am cooking (continuous aspect). Gender (in some languages but not in English): Some languages conjugate verbs based on gender (male or female). Remember that proper verb conjugation is essential for clear communication, and it ensures that your sentences make sense to your audience. Improper conjugation can be confusing. If you’d like to explore more examples and details, you can visit the Writing Explained page on verb conjugation

Answer 230

**retaliate** | /rɪˈtælieɪt/ ## Footnote * The boy hit his sister, who **retaliated** by kicking him. * to **retaliate** against an attack

Answer 231

**It Didn't Start with You** How Inherited Family Trauma Shapes Who We Are and How to End the Cycle ** by **Mark Wolynn** ## Footnote The book reveals how past traumas can affect present-day behaviors and emotions, and provides insights on breaking the cycle of inherited trauma

Answer 232

**tumble** | /ˈtʌmbl/ ## Footnote 1. The price of oil is still **tumbling** 2. I undressed and **tumbled** into bed.. 3. He slipped and **tumbled** down the stairs.

Answer 233

**defuse** | /diːˈfjuːz/ ## Footnote 1. When we follow where Our core language leads and hear its story, it has the power to **defuse** our deepest fears. (it didn't start with you: how inherited family trauma shapes who we are and how to end the cycle. pg 19) 2. Police closed the road while they **defused** the bomb.

Answer 234

**you snooze you lose** ## Footnote In short: “You snooze, you lose” emphasizes the significance of timely decision-making and quick action for success

Answer 235

**stay put** ## Footnote * Just **stay put** with the suitcases, while I go and find a cab. * **Stay put** until I get back.

Answer 236

**detest** | /dɪˈtest/ ## Footnote * I loathe and **detest** racism in any form. * Leopards **detest** lions and if he spots the cubs. he will kill them.

Answer 237

**snatch** ## Footnote * She managed to **snatch** the gun from his hand.

Answer 238

**articulate** | /ɑːrˈtɪkjuleɪt/ ## Footnote A well-documented feature of trauma, one familiar to many, is our inability to **articulate** what happens to us. (It Didn’t Start With You, pg 22)

Answer 239

**reminiscent** | /ˌremɪˈnɪsnt/ ## Footnote * The way he laughed was strongly **reminiscent** of his father. * She writes in a style **reminiscent** of both Proust and Faulkner.

Answer 240

**re-enact** | /ˌriː ɪˈnækt/ ## Footnote Once they are triggered, it is as if an invisible rewind button has been pressed, causing us to **reenact** aspects of the original trauma in our day-to-day lives. (It Didn’t Start With You, pg 22)

Answer 241

**Traumatic reenactment** ## Footnote * **Traumatic reenactment**, or “**repetition compulsion**,” as Freud called it, is an attempt of the unconscious to replay what’s unresolved, so we can “get it right.” This unconscious drive to relive past events could be one of the mechanisms at work when families repeat unresolved traumas in future generations. (It Didn’t Start With You, pg 22)

Answer 242

**resurfaces** ## Footnote to come to the surface again after being underwater or under the ground

Answer 243

**dead** ## Footnote This famous line comes from the novel Requiem for a Nun by American author William Faulkner. It's a powerful statement about the enduring influence of the past on the present.

Answer 244

**figurative** | /ˈfɪɡjərətɪv/ ## Footnote The figurative meaning of **regurgitate** refers to the act of repeating information or ideas without any original thought or understanding. It implies that someone is simply "spitting back" what they've heard or learned, often verbatim, without truly grasping the concepts themselves.

Answer 245

**precarious** | /prɪˈkeriəs/ ## Footnote 1. Even with the most devoted parenting in the world, growing up in the wild is highly **precarious**. 2. That ladder looks very precarious.

Answer 246

**advertise** ## Footnote When vultures circle above a location, they are effectively announcing the presence of a kill (a dead animal) to other scavengers and predators in the area. It’s like a natural signal that says, "Hey, there’s food here!"

Answer 247

**win over** ## Footnote She's against the idea but I'm sure I can **win** her **over**. win somebody around/over (to something) (also win somebody round (to something) especially in British English)

Answer 248

**swallow** | /ˈswɑːləʊ/ ## Footnote Always chew food well before **swallowing** it. I had a sore throat and it hurt to **swallow**. swallow something + adj. The pills should be **swallowed** whole.

Answer 249

**budge** ## Footnote She pushed at the door but it wouldn't budge. The dog refused to budge. budge something I heaved with all my might but still couldn't budge it.

Answer 250

**frantic** | /ˈfræntɪk/ ## Footnote 1. Let's go back. Your parents must be getting **frantic** by now. 2. Things are **frantic** in the office right now.

Answer 251

**buoy** ***Boy: /bɔɪ/ Buoy: /ˈbuːi/ or /bɔɪ/* | /ˈbuːi/, /bɔɪ/ ## Footnote 1. Knowing that all her friends were there **buoyed** up her spirits.

Answer 252

**Martial eagle** ## Footnote Martial Eagles can be found in various sub-Saharan African habitats, including woodlands, plains, semi-deserts, and even around man-made structures like pylons in open savannas Source: eBird

Answer 253

**incubate** | /ˈɪŋkjubeɪt/ ## Footnote 1. "The effect of **incubation** temperature on chick development in broiler chickens." 2. The source of infection may be a person who is **incubating** an infectious disease.

Answer 254

**swan** | /swɑːn/ ## Footnote They've gone swanning off to Paris for the weekend. They’re always swanning off to Paris for shopping trips.

Answer 255

**sikh** | /siːk/ ## Footnote Origin: The word "Sikh" comes from the Punjabi word "sikkhā", which means "learning" or "instruction." This, in turn, evolved from the Sanskrit word "śiṣya", meaning "disciple" or "student."

Answer 256

**insatiable** | /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/ ## Footnote an insatiable appetite/curiosity/thirst

Answer 257

Swim: /swɪm/ Swam: /swɑːn/ Swum: /swʌm/ ## Footnote * i WILL **SWIM** TOMORROW. * I **SWAM** YESTERDAY. * I HAVE**SWUM** IN THE PAST.

Answer 258

**gruelling** (especially British English) (North American English usual | /ˈɡruːəlɪŋ/ ## Footnote a **gruelling** journey/schedule I've had a **gruelling** day.

Answer 259

**plummet** ## Footnote **Plummet**: to fall very quickly and suddenly

Answer 260

**snooze** ## Footnote * My brother was **snoozing** on the sofa. * The dog was **snoozing** with half an eye open. * We spent a few hours **snoozing** in the sun.

Answer 261

**ruse** | /ruːz/ ## Footnote She tried to think of a ruse to get him out of the house.

Answer 262

vow | /vaʊ/ ## Footnote She vowed never to speak to him again.

Answer 263

**exuberance** | /ɪɡˈzuːbərəns/ ## Footnote Nothing will curb her natural **exuberance**.

Answer 264

**impunity** | /ɪmˈpjuːnəti/ ## Footnote * with impunity They continue to break the law with **impunity**. * Those involved in such attacks often enjoy complete **impunity**.

Answer 265

**repel** | /rɪˈpel/ ## Footnote * to **repel** an attack/invasion/invader * Troops **repelled** an attempt to infiltrate the south of the island. * (figurative) The reptile's prickly skin **repels** nearly all of its predators.

Answer 266

**convulsion** | /kənˈvʌlʃn/ ## Footnote "Strawberry poison-dart frog" is one of the deadlist creatures. In the mouth of a predator, Its poison can cause respiratory failure, **convultions** and death.

Answer 267

**inconspicuous** OPPOSITE **conspicuous** | /ˌɪnkənˈspɪkjuəs/ ## Footnote * She tried to look as **inconspicuous** as possible. * Its dull brown feathers make the bird **inconspicuous**.

Answer 268

**conspicuous** OPPOSITE **inconspicuous** | /kənˈspɪkjuəs/ ## Footnote Mary's red hair always made her **conspicuous** at school. Idioms ***conspicuous by your absence*** not present in a situation or place, when it is obvious that you should be there The meeting went well but Nigel was **conspicuous by his absence**.

Answer 269

**surreptitious** | /ˌsɜːrəpˈtɪʃəs/ ## Footnote * She sneaked a **surreptitious** glance at her watch. * They were seen leaving the premises in a **surreptitious** manner

Answer 270

**petal** | /ˈpetl/ ## Footnote The head of a flower is usually made up of several **petals** around a central part. / rose **petals** from Greek petalon ‘leaf’,

Answer 271

**iridescent** | /ˌɪrɪˈdesnt/ ## Footnote a bird with **iridescent** blue feathers

Answer 272

**blistering** ## Footnote 1. a **blistering** July day

Answer 273

**four and a half trillion**

Answer 274

**meagre** | /ˈmiːɡər/ (US English meager) ## Footnote * a **meagre** diet of bread and water * She supplements her **meagre** income by cleaning at night.

Answer 275

**Absolute zero** ## Footnote Absolute zero is defined as zero kelvin (0 K) or −273.15 degrees Celsius.

Answer 276

**unfathomable** | /ʌnˈfæðəməbl/ ## Footnote * an **unfathomable** mystery * We are confronted with the **unfathomable** nature of human motivation.

Answer 277

**fallopian tube** | /fəˈləʊpiən tuːb/

Answer 278

**Ashraf Marwan**

Answer 279

**intrigue** ## Footnote ***intrigue somebody*** The theory of Evolution intrigued me.

Answer 280

**ubiquitous** | /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ ## Footnote * Homo Sapien ia a **ubiquitous** species that has transformed nature into its home. * the **ubiquitous** movie star, Tom Hanks

Answer 281

**arboreal ** | /ɑːrˈbɔːriəl/ ## Footnote from Latin arboreus, from arbor ‘tree’, + -al.

Answer 282

**hominid** | /ˈhɑːmɪnɪd/ ## Footnote * The various branches of **hominids** diverged millions of years apart, but we don’t know exactly when, because we lack revealing fossils and the genetic data is not precise enough. The last common ancestor between Pan and Homo, for instance, lived between 7 and 5.5 million years ago. (source: A Pocket History of Human Evolution: How We Became Sapiens. pg: 11) from Latin homo, homin- ‘man’.

Answer 283

**occipital bone** | /ɑːkˈsɪpɪtl bəʊn/ ## Footnote The great changes in morphology caused by human bipedalism can be seen in all bones, but primarily in the position of the **occipital hole** in the base of the skull, in the short and wide pelvis, which promotes balance and allows for vertical leg positioning, and in the position of the hallux (big toe), aligned to the other toes. (source: A Pocket History of Human Evolution: How We Became Sapiens. pg: 13)

Answer 284

**hallux** | /ˈhæl.əks/ plural **halluces** ## Footnote The great changes in morphology caused by human bipedalism can be seen in all bones, but primarily in the position of the **occipital hole** in the base of the skull, in the short and wide pelvis, which promotes balance and allows for vertical leg positioning, and in the position of the **hallux** (big toe), aligned to the other toes. (source: A Pocket History of Human Evolution: How We Became Sapiens. pg: 14)

Answer 285

**flaccid** | /ˈflæsɪd/ ## Footnote **flaccid** breasts

Answer 286

**chica** | /ˈtʃiːkə/ ## Footnote “Hey chica, how are you doing, babe?”

Answer 287

**bazonga**

Answer 288

**fluctuate** | /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/ ## Footnote **fluctuating** prices The documentary follows the **fluctuating** fortunes of one marketing company.

Answer 289

**Alfred Ernst Rosenberg**

Answer 290

**remnant** | /ˈremnənt/ ## Footnote The woods are **remnants** of a huge forest which once covered the whole area. Many of the traditions are **remnants** of a time when most people worked on the land.

Answer 291

**voluptuous** | /vəˈlʌptʃuəs/ ## Footnote a **voluptuous** woman a **voluptuous** body

Answer 292

**trashy** | /ˈtræʃi/ (comparative trashier, superlative trashiest) ## Footnote **trashy** TV shows

Answer 293

**vindicate** | /ˈvɪndɪkeɪt/ ## Footnote 1. I have every confidence that this decision will be fully **vindicated**. 2. New evidence emerged, **vindicating** him completely.

Answer 294

**pernicious** | /pərˈnɪʃəs ## Footnote the **pernicious** influence of TV violence on children Ageism is equally as offensive and **pernicious** as sexism.

Answer 295

**boil down** ## Footnote 1. The original speech I had written got boiled down to about ten minutes. 2.

Answer 296

**breakdown** | (also nervous breakdown (old-fashioned)) ## Footnote It all became too much and he had some sort of **breakdown**.

Answer 297

**bewilderment** | /bɪˈwɪldərmənt/ ## Footnote to look/stare in **bewilderment**

Answer 298

**flirting**

Answer 299

**interloper** | /ˈɪntərləʊpər/ ## Footnote She felt like an **interloper** in her own family.

Answer 300

**frolic** | /ˈfrɑːlɪk/ ## Footnote children **frolicking** on the beach

Answer 301

**connoisseur** | /ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr/, /ˌkɑːnəˈsʊr/ ## Footnote a **connoisseur** of Italian painting This is a gift that any wine **connoisseur** would love. The exhibition will be a delight for the collector and **connoisseur** of silver ornaments.

Answer 302

**retina** | /ˈretɪnə/ (plural retinas, retinae /ˈretɪniː/ /ˈretɪniː/)

Answer 303

**relish** | /ˈrelɪʃ/ ## Footnote **relish something** to **relish** a challenge to **relish** the chance/opportunity to do something to **relish** the idea/thought of something I don't **relish** the prospect of getting up early tomorrow. **relish (somebody/something) doing something** Nobody **relishes** cleaning the oven.

Answer 304

**icicle** | /ˈaɪsɪkl/

Answer 305

**dismantle** | /dɪˈsmæn.t̬əl/ ## Footnote 1. She **dismantled** the washing machine to see what the problem was, but couldn't put it back together again. 2. Over the next three years, we will be gradually **dismantling** the company and selling off the profitable units.

Answer 306

**Josef Mengele** ## Footnote **Josef Mengele**, infamous for his actions during the Holocaust, conducted cruel medical experiments at Auschwitz. His role in selecting victims and conducting inhumane experiments left an indelible mark on history.

Answer 307

**Baruch Spinoza** ## Footnote **Baruch Spinoza** (1632-1677) * Born to a Jewish family in Amsterdam (fleeing Portugal for religious freedom). * Brilliant student, excommunicated for questioning religious doctrines. * Lived a simple life, grinding lenses while developing his philosophy. * Became a major figure of the Enlightenment, emphasizing reason and a unified view of God/Nature.

Answer 308

**Achillies** | /əˈkɪliːz/ ## Footnote * Greatest Warrior in the Trojan War: He was the greatest warrior in the Greek army during the Trojan War. The story of his rage and eventual death is a central plot point in Homer's Iliad. * Achilles' Heel: His only weakness, his heel, has become a byword for a fatal flaw or vulnerability.

Answer 309

**Achilles tendon** | /əˌkɪliːz ˈtendən/ (also **Achilles** ## Footnote **Achilles heel**: a weak point or fault in somebody’s character, which can be attacked by other people

Answer 310

**mock** | /mɑːk/ ## Footnote 1. The politician **mocked** the concerns of the working class. 2. She made fun of him by **mocking** his limp.

Answer 311

**Ego-mind conditioning**

Answer 312

**quintessentially** | /ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃəli/ ## Footnote a sense of humour that is **quintessentially** British

Answer 313

**virile** | /ˈvɪrəl/ ## Footnote 1. In this role, Durante is able to give full expression to that wonderfully **virile** voice. 2. She likes her men young and **virile**.

Answer 314

**lure** | /lʊr/ ## Footnote * The child was **lured** into a car but managed to escape. * Young people are **lured** to the city by the prospect of a job and money.

Answer 315

**cumbersome** | /ˈkʌmbərsəm/ ## Footnote 1. **cumbersome** machinery 2. **cumbersome** legal procedures

Answer 316

**steer** | /stɪr/ ## Footnote 1. He **steered** the boat into the harbour. 2. He managed to **steer** the conversation away from his divorce.

Answer 317

**mingle** | /ˈmɪŋɡl/ ## Footnote 1. a lot of emotions all **mingled** together 2. I am going from single to **mingle**

Answer 318

**upsurge** | /ˈʌpsɜːrdʒ/ ## Footnote * an **upsurge** in violent crime * a recent **upsurge** of interest in his movies

Answer 319

**proliferate** | /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/ ## Footnote * Books and articles on the subject have **proliferated** over the last year.

Answer 320

**self-contradictory ** | /ˌself kɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/

Answer 321

**contradictory** | /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/ ## Footnote We are faced with two apparently **contradictory** statements. The advice I received was often **contradictory**.

Answer 322

**Amazon** | US /ˈæməzɑːn/ UK /ˈæməzən/ ## Footnote from Greek Amazōn, explained by the Greeks as ‘breastless’ (as if from a- ‘without’ + mazos ‘breast’), referring to the fable that the Amazons cut off the right breast so as not to interfere with the use of a bow, but probably a folk etymology of an unknown foreign word.

Answer 323

**despair** | /dɪˈsper/ ## Footnote * Approaching flirting as a science means that if you feel that you are not currently good at it, do not **despair**. (flirtology by Jean Smith. pg 13)

Answer 324

**arthropod** | /ˈɑːrθrəpɑːd/

Answer 325

the first animals to ever set foot on land were ....

Answer 326

**fussy** | /ˈfʌsi/

Answer 327

**noxious** | /ˈnɑːkʃəs/ ## Footnote A toxic concoction (a strange or unusual mixture of things) of **noxious** gases. **noxious** fumes

Answer 328

**perplexed** | /pərˈplekst/ ## Footnote * She looked a little **perplexed**. * We are all **perplexed** as to how this happened.

Answer 329

**Joseph Goebbels** ## Footnote Fate: Committed suicide with his wife Magda Goebbels on May 1st, 1945, after poisoning their six children.

Answer 330

**immutable** | /ɪˈmjuːtəbl/ ## Footnote * "On the origin of Species" revolutionized society's understanding of the natural world. Challenging Victorian dogma, Darwin argued that species were not **immutable**. * This decision should not be seen as **immutable**.

Answer 331

**conspicuously** | /kənˈspɪkjuəsli/ ## Footnote * One spieces is **conspicuously** neglegted in Darwin's great book: His own, Homo Sapiens. OPPOSITE **inconspicuously**

Answer 332

**Pakicetus** | /Pak-ih-SEE-tus/ ## Footnote Source: [CBC docs : Whales used to walk on land. This is how they evolved into giants of the ocean](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6fJKrphD7g)

Answer 333

**beguiling** | /bɪˈɡaɪlɪŋ/ ## Footnote * Her beauty was **beguiling**. * This is perhaps the most **beguiling** resort on the island.

Answer 334

**bewitching** | /bɪˈwɪtʃɪŋ/ ## Footnote * a **bewitching** girl/smile * a **bewitching** performance

Answer 335

**LUCA** (the **L**ast **U**niversal **C**ommon **A**ncestor) ## Footnote * **Ancestral to all life**: LUCA is believed to be the common ancestor of the three main branches of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (which includes all plants and animals). * **Estimated age**: Scientists believe LUCA lived around 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago. * **Cellular organism**: While the exact details are unknown, LUCA is thought to have been a simple cell with a membrane, used DNA and RNA, and had basic metabolic processes.

Answer 336

**vanquish** | /ˈvæŋkwɪʃ/ ## Footnote * Throughout history, life has been waging an unending war. One dynasty rising, only to be **vanquished** by the next. * Napoleon was **vanquished** at the battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Answer 337

**calamitous** | /kəˈlæmɪtəs/ ## Footnote The bridge collapsed in the storm, with **calamitous** results.

Answer 338

**back down** (North American English also **back off**) ## Footnote * Both sides have refused to **back down**.

Answer 339

**Lichen** | /ˈlaɪ.kən/ /ˈlɪtʃ.ən/ ## Footnote one curious life-form was amoung the first to rise to the challenge. **Lichen** may not look remarkable but they are in fact completely unique. they produced the first ever soil by breaking down rocks.

Answer 340

**lignin** | /ˈlɪɡ.nɪn/

Answer 341

**moss** | /mɔːs/

Answer 342

**usurp** | /juːˈzɜːrp/ ## Footnote There were a couple of attempts to **usurp** the young king.

Answer 343

**choreograph** | /ˈkɔːriəɡræf/ ## Footnote She **choreographed** several ballets for the company.

Answer 344

**resilient** | /rɪˈzɪliənt/ ## Footnote 1. He'll get over it—young people are amazingly resilient. These plants are very resilient to rough handling.

Answer 345

**converge** ## Footnote for ten of millions of years, the earth continent had been **converging**, creating a vast ocean on one side of the world and a single immense land mass on the other, the supercontinent of Pangaea.

Answer 346

**submerge**

Answer 347

**inflict** | /ɪnˈflɪkt/ ## Footnote * The rodent’s sharp teeth can **inflict** a nasty bite.

Answer 348

**unconscionable** | /ʌnˈkɑːnʃənəbl/ ## Footnote Antony Blinken: "Weaponizing food, using it as a tool, as a weapon in its war against Ukraine is **unconscionable**... should not happen."

Answer 349

**ratline**

Answer 350

**symbiotic** | /ˌsɪmbaɪˈɑːtɪk/ ## Footnote 1.

Answer 351

## Footnote Lichens are not actually plants, but rather a complex partnership between a fungus and an alga (or sometimes cyanobacteria). The fungus provides structure and protection, while the algae/cyanobacteria captures sunlight and produces food for both organisms.

Answer 352

**algae** ## Footnote Lichens are not actually plants, but rather a complex partnership between a fungus and an alga (or sometimes cyanobacteria). The fungus provides structure and protection, while the algae/cyanobacteria captures sunlight and produces food for both organisms.

Answer 353

**Cyanobacteria** | /ˈsaɪ.ə.noʊ.ˈbæk.ti.ri.ə/

Answer 354

## Footnote * Why is the public perception of AI so **nebulous**?

Answer 355

## Footnote * Science fiction stories often feature friendly humanoid servants that provide overly-detailed **factoids** or witty dialogue, but can sometimes follow the steps of Pinocchio and start to wonder if they can become human.

Answer 356

**golem** | /ˈɡəʊləm/ ## Footnote * from Hebrew gōlem ‘shapeless mass’.

Answer 357

**Golem of Prague**

Answer 358

**ingenuity** ## Footnote * Similarly, while in-depth mastery of mathematics requires (what seems like) human intuition and **ingenuity**, many (but not all) exercises of a typical high-school or college course can be solved by applying a calculator and simple set of rules.

Answer 359

**Autonomy** | /ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/

Answer 360

**Autonomy** | /ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/

Answer 361

**Adaptability**

Answer 362

**resourceful** | /rɪˈsɔːrsfl/

Answer 363

**smother** | /ˈsmʌðər/ ## Footnote 1. He **smothered** the baby with a pillow. 2. a rich dessert **smothered** in cream / She **smothered** him with kisses. 3. The voices of the opposition were effectively **smothered**. 4. Her husband was very loving, but she felt **smothered**. 5. He tried to **smother** the flames with a blanket.

Answer 364

**amorous** | /ˈæmərəs/ ## Footnote * she doesn't look very **amorous**. * Mary rejected Tony's **amorous** advances. * from Latin **amor** ‘love’.

Answer 365

**stalker** | /ˈstɔːkər/

Answer 366

**nip** | /nɪp/ ## Footnote She **nipped** at my arm.

Answer 367

**formic acid** | /ˌfɔːrmɪk ˈæsɪd

Answer 368

**dispatch** (British English also despatch) | /dɪˈspætʃ/ ## Footnote 1. Hyenas are bigger, stronger, and could easily **dispatch** the two smaller Wild Dogs. 2. A courier was **dispatched** to collect the documents

Answer 369

**chameleon** | /kəˈmiːliən/

Answer 370

**dew** | /duː/ ## Footnote * The grass was wet with early morning **dew**. * There was a heavy **dew** this morning. * Homophones dew | due

Answer 371

**estranged** | /ɪˈstreɪndʒd/ ## Footnote his **estranged** wife Emma She is attempting to contact her **estranged** husband to break the news. He is being questioned in connection with the death of his **estranged** wife. She has been **estranged** from her husband since 1999.

Answer 372

**curious** ## Footnote Hawaii isolation has had a **curious** effect on the evolution of some of the wildlife .

Answer 373

**slob** | /slɑːb/

Answer 374

**promenade** | /ˌprɑːməˈneɪd/

Answer 375

**adulterer** | /əˈdʌltərər/ ## Footnote **adulterous** /adjective/: He had an **adulterous** relationship with his wife's best friend. **adulteress** /NOUN/ a married woman who has sex with someone who is not her husband or wife **adulteration** /NOUN/

Answer 376

**notorious** | /noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs/ ## Footnote * "Evin Prison became **notorious** for its harsh conditions and political detentions."

Answer 377

**anoxia** | /ænˈɑːk.si.ə/ ## Footnote compare: [hypoxia](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hypoxia) The Permian-Triassic Extinction (252 million years ago)This is the most severe extinction event in Earth's history, wiping out about 96% of marine species and 70% of land vertebrates. The cause of this extinction is thought to be a combination of factors, including volcanic eruptions and anoxia. Anoxia (adj.): This word, meaning “characterized by or causing a lack of oxygen in tissues,” originated in medical Latin around 1920. It combines the Greek prefix “an-” (which means “not” or “without”) with the first two letters of the word “oxygen” and the suffix “-ic”. The related term “anoxia” specifically denotes “oxygen deficiency” and has been in use since 1931

Answer 378

**swirl** | /swɜːrl/ ## Footnote (+ adv./prep.) The water **swirled** down the drain. A long skirt **swirled** around her ankles. **swirling** mists swirl something (+ adv./prep.) He took a mouthful of water and **swirled** it around his mouth.

Answer 379

**swirl** | /swɜːrl/ ## Footnote * Mystry still **swirls** around Jumbo * "Whispers about the politician's personal life became a constant topic of conversation, though no one seemed to have any solid proof.

Answer 380

**ramification**

Answer 381

**sebum** | /ˈsiː.bəm/ ## Footnote Dry skin has a tendency toward redness, scaly patches, and the feeling of tightness," says dermatologist Anjali Mahto, MBBCh BSc. This is because it produces less oil (aka **sebum**) compared to other skin types

Answer 382

**propel** | /prəˈpel/ ## Footnote 1. a rocket **propelled** through space 2. Seals use their fins and flippers to **propel** them through the water with great force./ 3. Was it climate change that **propelled** our supposed arboreal ancestors from the forests onto the ground in the savannas, setting in motion a series of complex anatomical changes?

Answer 383

**whup** | /wʌp/ ## Footnote 1. offensive They told my parents they should "**Whup** her ass." 2. offensive We played pool with a couple of guys and **whupped** their asses.

Answer 384

**tantalizingly** | /ˈtæntəlaɪzɪŋli/ (also **tantalisingly**) ## Footnote * The branch was **tantalizingly** out of reach.

Answer 385

**deluge** | /ˈdel.juːdʒ/ ## Footnote 1. This little stream can become a **deluge** when it rains heavily. 2. The newspaper received a **deluge** of complaints/letters/phone calls about the article.

Answer 386

**mind-boggling** | /ˈmaɪnd bɑːɡlɪŋ/ ## Footnote a problem of **mind-boggling**complexity It’s **mind-boggling** to me that this is allowed to happen.

Answer 387

**tantalizing** (British English also **tantalising**) | /ˈtæntəlaɪzɪŋ/ ## Footnote 1. a **tantalizing** job offer / question : from Tantalus (a Lydian king in Greek mythology who was punished by being provided with fruit and water which receded when he reached for them) + -ize.

Answer 388

**singe** | /sɪndʒ/ ## Footnote The candle **singed** his arm hairs. He **singed** his hair as he tried to light his cigarette.

Answer 389

**docile** | /ˈdɑːsl/ ## Footnote a docile child/horse/temperament

Answer 390

**salvage** | /ˈsælvɪdʒ/ ## Footnote What can I do to **salvage** my reputation? (= get a good reputation again). We only managed to salvage two paintings from the fire.

Answer 391

**4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%)** ## Footnote The age of Earth is estimated to be **4.54 billion years with an uncertainty of about 50 million years**

Answer 392

**succinct** | /səkˈsɪŋkt/ ## Footnote * Keep your answers as **succinct** as possible. * a **succinct** explanation

Answer 393

**thankless** | /ˈθæŋkləs/ ## Footnote * Sometimes being a mother and a housewife felt like a **thankless** task.

Answer 394

**sheer** | /ʃɪr/ ## Footnote 1. The area is under threat from the **sheer** number of tourists using it. / We were impressed by the **sheer** size of the cathedral. 2. The concert was **sheer** delight. 3. **sheer** cliffs/slopes 4. **sheer** nylon

Answer 395

**Uvula** Plural: uvulae | /ˈjuːvjələ/

Answer 396

**fringe** | /frɪndʒ/ ## Footnote * A **fringe** sport. * Almost as soon as human ancestors evolved in the forest **fringes** of East Africa's grassland, they began to migrate.

Answer 397

trajectory The trajectory of history has always been towards ever more complex and interconnected civilizations.

Answer 398

anthropocene (From Greek anthropos, meaning man, and kainos, meaning recent)

Answer 399

Inescapable History is an inescapable part of our lives.

Answer 400

Pin down The past is frustratingly hard to pin down.

Answer 401

Redundant /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/ Whether religion is considered redundant is a matter of personal belief, societal values, and philosophical outlook.

Answer 402

Sovereign. ˈsɑːv.rən/ As a member of the British Commonwealth, Canada has been a Sovereign state since 1931. Sovereign definition

Answer 403

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus The body: a guide for occupants by Bill Bryson 2019 pg 2

Answer 404

henotheism From Greek henos (one) + theos (god), meaning "one god above others." Akhenaten’s Worship of Aten: Akhenaten, an Egyptian pharaoh, promoted Aten, the sun disk god, as the supreme god during his reign (c. 1353–1336 BCE). While he centered his religious reforms around Aten, he did not explicitly deny the existence of other gods, marking his beliefs as henotheistic.

Answer 405

henotheism From Greek henos (one) + theos (god), meaning "one god above others." Akhenaten’s Worship of Aten: Akhenaten, an Egyptian pharaoh, promoted Aten, the sun disk god, as the supreme god during his reign (c. 1353–1336 BCE). While he centered his religious reforms around Aten, he did not explicitly deny the existence of other gods, marking his beliefs as henotheistic.

Answer 406

estuary /ˈes-chə-ˌwer-ē/ Plural: estuaries The Hudson River estuary

Answer 407

Crook Picture: Akhenaten holding the royal regalia, the crook and flail

Answer 408

Crook Picture: Akhenaten holding the royal regalia, the crook and flail

Answer 409

Cultivation 1. In the early days, farmers devoted significant time to the cultivation of land, as agriculture was the foundation of survival." 2. Those who take up the cultivation of mindfulness find out for themselves how it helps to solve life's problems. 3. Social media is structured in a way that encourages the collection rather than the cultivation of friendship.

Answer 410

Cultivation 1. In the early days, farmers devoted significant time to the cultivation of land, as agriculture was the foundation of survival." 2. Those who take up the cultivation of mindfulness find out for themselves how it helps to solve life's problems. 3. Social media is structured in a way that encourages the collection rather than the cultivation of friendship.

Answer 411

1. Latin words "ager" meaning "field" or "land," and 2. "cultura" meaning "cultivation" or "care." Together, agricultura in Latin essentially means "the cultivation of land."

Answer 412

1. Latin words "ager" meaning "field" or "land," and 2. "cultura" meaning "cultivation" or "care." Together, agricultura in Latin essentially means "the cultivation of land."

Answer 413

Cosmos The structure of the cosmos Our place in the cosmos kosmos (κόσμος) originally meant "order," "arrangement," or "ornament." It was used to describe the universe as a harmonious, orderly system, contrasting with chaos, which referred to disorder or formlessness. The philosopher Pythagoras is often credited with introducing kosmos in this broader sense, relating it to the entire universe as an orderly whole. Over time, kosmos evolved to mean the universe or the world itself in many languages. When the term entered Latin as cosmos, it retained this meaning of an ordered, harmonious universe, and this meaning persists in modern English and other languages today.

Answer 414

Cosmos The structure of the cosmos Our place in the cosmos kosmos (κόσμος) originally meant "order," "arrangement," or "ornament." It was used to describe the universe as a harmonious, orderly system, contrasting with chaos, which referred to disorder or formlessness. The philosopher Pythagoras is often credited with introducing kosmos in this broader sense, relating it to the entire universe as an orderly whole. Over time, kosmos evolved to mean the universe or the world itself in many languages. When the term entered Latin as cosmos, it retained this meaning of an ordered, harmonious universe, and this meaning persists in modern English and other languages today.

Answer 415

Cosmos The structure of the cosmos Our place in the cosmos kosmos (κόσμος) originally meant "order," "arrangement," or "ornament." It was used to describe the universe as a harmonious, orderly system, contrasting with chaos, which referred to disorder or formlessness. The philosopher Pythagoras is often credited with introducing kosmos in this broader sense, relating it to the entire universe as an orderly whole. Over time, kosmos evolved to mean the universe or the world itself in many languages. When the term entered Latin as cosmos, it retained this meaning of an ordered, harmonious universe, and this meaning persists in modern English and other languages today.

Answer 416

**infidel** ## Footnote * David Hume (1711-1776) was called “Saint David” and “The Good David” by his friends, but his adversaries knew him as “The Great Infidel." 1. **In- (Latin)**: Not. 2. **Fidelis (Latin)**: Faithful or loyal.

Answer 417

**loathsome** | /ˈloʊð.səm/ ## Footnote * Hegel, for his part, described Schopenhauer as **loathsome** and ignorant.

Answer 418

**calamitous** | /kəˈlæmɪtəs/ ## Footnote * A book by Barbara Tuchman examines the **calamitous** 14th century, focusing on the events of the Hundred Years' War, the Black Plague, and the societal upheaval of the time

Answer 419

**rupture** | /ˈrʌp.tʃɚ/ ## Footnote * As Saturn immense gravitational force pulls its moon apart, the moon begins to **rupture** catastrophically

Answer 420

**crooked** | /ˈkrʊkɪd/ ## Footnote 1. a **crooked** nose/smile 2. a **crooked** businessman/deal

2024 Flashcards

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