2025

Question 1

noun

1-the force that keeps an object moving:
2- the quality that keeps an event developing or making progress after it has started:

Answer 1

momentum

/məˈmen.t̬əm/

1- The spacecraft will fly around the earth to gain/gather momentum for its trip to Jupiter.
2- The play loses momentum (= becomes less interesting, energetic, etc.) by its half way stage.
Thеrе aге rеasons Ьoth for thе long dеlay and why thе Evolution theory finally bеgan to gain momеntum.

Question 2

adj

always being careful to notice things, especially possible danger

Answer 2

vigilant

/ˈvɪdʒ.əl.ənt/

Following the bomb scare at the airport, the staff have been warned to be extra vigilant.

Question 3

noun

something you buy or keep to help you remember a holiday or special event

Answer 3

souvenir /ˌsuː.vəˈnɪr/

We brought back a few souvenirs from our holiday in Mexico.

Question 4

verb

(of two teams, etc.) to have the same number of points

synonym draw

Answer 4

tie (with somebody)

1. England tied 2–2 with Germany in the first round.
2. tie for something: They tied for second place.
   tie something: The scores are tied at 3–3. Last night’s vote was tied.

Question 5

noun

1. the ability to be happy, successful, etc. again after something difficult or bad has happened
2. the ability of a substance to return to its usual shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed

Answer 5

resilience /rɪˈzɪl.jəns/

1. Trauma researchers emphasize the resilience of the human psyche.
2. The plant fibre has incredible strength and resilience.

Question 6

noun

sympathy that you feel for somebody when a person in their family or that they know well has died; an expression of this sympathy

Answer 6

condolences /kənˈdəʊləns/

• Accept my condolences
• to give/offer/express your condolences
• Our condolences go to his wife and family.
• a letter of condolence

Question 7

noun

Represents bravery and strength of character in difficult situations. It also refers to very small particles of stone or sand.

Answer 7

grit /ɡrɪt/

Question 8

adj

Extremely funny and causing a lot of laughter

Answer 8

hilarious /hɪˈler.i.əs/

Synonym : uproarious

He didn’t like the film at all - I thought it was hilarious.

Question 9

verb

to be moving around quietly in a place trying not to be seen or heard:

Answer 9

prowl /praʊl/

• Wolves are on the prowl

Question 10

adj

not capable of being imagined or grasped mentally; unbelievable

Answer 10

inconceivable

Since is inconceivable that all religions can be right, the most reasonable conclusion is that they are all wrong. Hitchens

Question 11

noun

A law that forces people to stay indoors after a particular time at night, or the time people must be indoors

Answer 11

curfew

Question 12

phr v

To discuss a problem with someone before deciding what to do

Answer 12

Talk sth <-> over
[+with]

Question 13

idiom

Slightly ill

Answer 13

under the weather
You look a bit under the weather

Question 14

adj

A part of your body that is … is bigger than usual, esp because you are ill or injured

Answer 14

swollen

Question 15

THESAURUS

to believe that something is true when it is not

Answer 15

be under the impression (that)

I’m sorry, I was under the impression that you were the manager

Question 16

idiom

idiom describes the idea that poor-quality input will inevitably lead to poor-quality output?

Answer 16

Garbage in, garbage out

• He’s filling his head with nonsense, so it’s not surprising he doesn’t seem very bright. Garbage in, garbage out, as they say.”

Question 17

adj

Bad and unsuccessful

Answer 17

dismal

• Parents are often dismal role models.

Question 18

verb

To annoy someone very much by doing something that they do not like

Answer 18

antagonize
/ænˈtæɡ.ə.naɪz/

• Do not antagonize your customers.

Question 19

noun

These figures, known as …, were carved on Easter Island, eastern Polynesia, by the Rapa Nui people ça 1250-1500

Answer 19

Moai

Question 20

adj

excellent, or beautiful and impressive:

Answer 20

splendid

/ˈsplen.dɪd/

• Guy P. Harrison does a splendid job of critically examining the many reasons people offer in support of their religious beliefs.

Question 21

noun

Someone who supports a particular party, person or set of idea

Answer 21

adherent

/ədˈhɪr.ənt/

• Adherents of contradictory religions.

Question 22

adj

… sentences, explanations, arguments, etc. are unreasonably long and difficult to understand:

Answer 22

convoluted

/ˈkɑːn.və.luː.t̬ɪd/

• His grammar explanations are terribly convoluted.
• Her book is full of long, convoluted sentences.

Question 23

noun Formal

A very strong feeling for or belief in it

Answer 23

ferver

• “Religious fervour” → شور مذهبی
• “Fervour of love” → حرارت عشق

Question 24

verb

(especially of moving objects) to hit something violently:

Answer 24

collide

/kəˈlaɪd/

• The two vans collided at the crossroads.

Question 25

# verb to say that something that somebody else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true

Answer 25

**contradict** | /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkt/ ## Footnote * Very different religions **contradict** each other and cancel out each other's creditability.

Question 26

# **philosophy** (c. 494 – c. 434 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who proposed that all matter is composed of four "roots" or elements: earth, air, fire, and water.

Answer 26

**Empedocles** ## Footnote * Thе idеa that all organisms (inсluding humans) arе gеnеratеd by natural mеans from othег forms has anсiеnt roots. Aristotlе tеlls us that **Empedocles** (fifth сеntury в.с.в.) toyеd with suсh thoughts. Page 1

Question 27

# phrasal verb If you .... .. .... A plan or idea, you think of it and suggest it

Answer 27

**come up with** ## Footnote * Several of the members have **come up with** suggestions of their own.

Question 28

# adj happening or done in a natural, often sudden way, without any planning or without being forced:

Answer 28

**Spontaneous** | /spɑːnˈteɪ.ni.əs/ ## Footnote * His jokes seemed **spontaneous**, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand. * approving She's such a **spontaneous**, lively woman.

Question 29

# noun the areas that form the edge of a town or city

Answer 29

**the outskirts** ## Footnote * The factory is in/on **the outskirts** of New Delhi.

Question 30

# noun a detailed plan or route of a journey:

Answer 30

**itinerary** ## Footnote * The tour operator will arrange transport and plan your **itinerary**.

Question 31

# adj having strong feelings of sadness or sympathy, because of something someone has said or done:

Answer 31

**moved** ## Footnote * When she told me about her daughter's death, I was too **moved** even to speak.

Question 32

# idiom to accept an unpleasant fact or situation after dealing with it for a while

Answer 32

**get over** ## Footnote * They’re upset that you didn’t call, but they’ll **get over** it.

Question 33

# Archeology The Swiss Army knife of the stone age

Answer 33

**handaxe** ## Footnote * The pointed end could be used as a drill, while the long blades on either side would cut trees or meat or scrape bark or skins

Question 34

# **1.2–1.4 MILLION YEARS OLD** A handaxe, built by a piece of volcanic rock, it was found in East Africa

Answer 34

**Olduvai Handaxe** ## Footnote * it was found in East Africa, at Olduvai Gorge, the great cleft in the savannah in Tanzania.

Question 35

# noun If you can shape a stone you can shape a .... A history of the world in 100 objects. Pg 17

Answer 35

**Sentence** ## Footnote * Recently, scientists have looked at what happens neurologically when a stone tool is being made. They have used modern hospital scanners to see which bits of the brain are activated as knappers work their stone. Surprisingly, the areas of the modern brain that you use when you’re making a handaxe overlap considerably with those you use when you speak. It now seems very likely that if you can shape a stone you can shape a sentence.

Question 36

# idiom Make something stop happening

Answer 36

**put an end to something**

Question 37

# phrasal verb to be similar to an older member of your family in appearance or character:

Answer 37

**take after** ## Footnote * He **takes after** his mother/his mother's side of the family.

Question 38

# grammar This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed by a certain point in the future.

Answer 38

**Future Perfect Tense** ## Footnote Example: **"We will have elected a representative next year"**

Question 39

# noun someone who is elected to speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people:

Answer 39

**representative** | /ˌrep.rɪˈzen.t̬ə.t̬ɪv/

Question 40

# grammar A verb form typically used to form perfect tenses (e.g., present perfect, past perfect, future perfect) or the passive voice.

Answer 40

**past participle** ## Footnote * In "We will have elected a representative next year," the word "elected" is the **past participle** of the verb "elect." It is used with "will have" to indicate the action will be completed by a specific future time.

Question 41

Provided by the doctors (also known is **physicians** ), or nurse who the patient goes to first when they have a problem

Answer 41

**Primary care**

Question 42

# Healthcare jargon A visit by a healthcare professional to a patient in their own home to provide medical services.

Answer 42

**Home Visit** ## Footnote - This can include doctors, nurses, therapists, and other healthcare providers. - Services provided: assessment and monitoring of health conditions, medication management, wound care, physical therapy and rehabilitation, patient education and counseling, palliative care and end-of-life care. - Benefits: convenience and comfort, personalized care, improved outcomes, reduced burden on caregivers.

Question 43

# healthcare jargon A doctor who does the job of another. Doctor who is ill or on holiday

Answer 43

**locum** /ˈloʊ.kəm/ also (**locum tenens**) | /ˈloʊ.kəm/

Question 44

# healthcare jargon One that can be cured through treatment

Answer 44

**Acute Condition** ## Footnote A health condition that: * Begins suddenly * Has a short duration (days or weeks) * Is often severe Key Characteristics: * Rapid onset * Short duration * Specific cause * Treatment focuses on resolving the immediate problem Examples: * Common cold * Influenza (flu) * Strep throat * Appendicitis * Broken bone * Acute bronchitis

Question 45

# healthcare jargon Provided by specialists in special clinics or hospitals

Answer 45

**Secondary care**

Question 46

# Test Patients are ______ to a specialist by their doctors. a) prescribed b) suggested c) referred d) recommended

Answer 46

**c) referred to**

Question 47

# healthcare jargon A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body.

Answer 47

**organ**

Question 48

# healthcare jargon A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders.

Answer 48

**ophthalmologist** ## Footnote * They can perform eye exams, prescribe glasses or contact lenses, and treat various eye diseases and conditions.

Question 49

# healthcare jargon A medical doctor who focuses on the cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) system.

Answer 49

**Cardiologist**

Question 50

# noun Disapproval An idea or phrase which has been used so much that it is no longer interesting or effective or no longer has much meaning

Answer 50

**Cliché**

Question 51

# phrase Used to suggest that there is no obvious or easy answer to the question being asked

Answer 51

**what on earth** ## Footnote (How/ why / what / where) : **How on earth** did that happen?

Question 52

# phrase Disapproval When you are critical of somebody because they decide too quickly that something is true when they do not know as the fact

Answer 52

**jump to (a) conclusion**

Question 53

# noun One of two parts like arms on the bodies of some sea creatures, such as seals and penguins, used for swimming

Answer 53

**flipper**

Question 54

# noun A small cheap restaurant that is open all day

Answer 54

**diner** /ˈdaɪ.nɚ/ ## Footnote * The people who are having dinner in a restaurant can be referred to as **diners** : they sat in a corner, away from other **diners**.

Question 55

#phrase [ plural ] 1. used when speaking informally to a group of people 2. someone's parents

Answer 55

**folks** /fəʊk/

Question 56

# phr v To do an amount of work

Answer 56

**get through (sth)** ## Footnote ✓ we've got a lot of work to **get through**. ✓ She **got through** half the application form this morning.

Question 57

# n C2 formal 1. a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done for a higher college or university degree 2. the main idea, opinion, or theory of a person, group, piece of writing, or speech

Answer 57

**thesis** plural **theses** | /ˈθiː.sɪs/ ## Footnote 1. a doctoral **thesis** (= for a PhD) 2. Their main **thesis** was that war was inevitable.

Question 58

# phr v To experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, feeling etc

Answer 58

**go through** ## Footnote ✓ He is **going through** a divorce at the moment. ✓ When you're **going through** a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone.

Question 59

# phr v To read sth carefully from beginning to end in order to check details or find mistakes

Answer 59

**read sth <---> over/through** ## Footnote ✓ **Read the contract over** carefully before you sign it.

Question 60

# phr v to examine or look at something in a careful or detailed way

Answer 60

**go over**

Question 61

# verb To express formal support or approval for someone or something

Answer 61

**endorse** ## Footnote ✓ the prime minister is unlikely to **endorse** this view.

Question 62

# adj Polite, confident and relaxed, sometimes in an insincere way

Answer 62

**suave** /swɑːv/ | SYN **SMOOTH** ## Footnote A **suave** and sophisticated gentleman

Question 63

# adjective 1. A ...... woman has a soft, curved, sexually attractive body 2. An experience or object gives you a lot of pleasure because it feels extremely soft and comfortable or it sounds or looks extremely beautiful:

Answer 63

**Voluptuous** | /vəˈlʌp.tʃu.əs/ ## Footnote 1. a **voluptuous** body/mouth/figure 2. such **voluptuous** pleasure / I sank into the bed's **voluptuous** warmth.

Question 64

# **adjective** MEDICAL formal or specialized (especially of flesh) cut or torn

Answer 64

**lacerated** /ˈlæs.ə.reɪ.t̬ɪd/ ## Footnote * He was taken to hospital with a leg so badly **lacerated** that it had to be [amputated](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/amputate?q=amputated). * a **lacerated** liver

Question 65

# noun [uncountable] a thick liquid produced inside the nose and other parts of the body: | TOPICS BodyC2

Answer 65

**mucus** | /ˈmjuː.kəs/ ## Footnote * **Mucus** is made by **mucus glands**, which are located in the mouth, nose, throat, stomach, intestines, and vagina. Healthy, normal **mucus** is clear and made up of water, salt, proteins, and antibodies.

Question 66

# noun [uncountable] 1. the problem of being unable to breathe through your nose because it is blocked, usually during an infection: 2. a situation in which there is too much traffic and movement is difficult: | C1

Answer 66

**congestion** | /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/ ## Footnote 1. This spray helps to ease nasal **congestion**. 2. Major airports will need new runways to relieve **congestion**.

Question 67

# idiom to be friendly with each other immediately:

Answer 67

**hit it off (with someone)** ## Footnote * We had similar ideas about the show, and the two of us **hit it off** right away.

Question 68

# adj 1. A child or young person who is ....... is not allowed to go out as a punishment: 2. Someone who is .... makes good decisions and does not say or do stupid things:

Answer 68

**grounded** | /ˈɡraʊn.dɪd/ ## Footnote 1. I stayed out til 1 am last night and now I'm **grounded** for a week. 2. He's very **grounded** even though he has so much money.

Question 69

# verb **[intransitive] + adv./prep**. to go somewhere secretly, trying to avoid being seen | SYNONYM **creep**

Answer 69

**sneak** | /sniːk/ ## Footnote * We **sneaked out** through the back door. * Did you **sneak into** my room while I was asleep? * I caught him trying to **sneak in** without paying. * I **snuck up** the stairs.

Question 70

# verb / adj 1. (**verb**) to cause to stay in a liquid, especially in order to become soft or clean, or to improve flavour: 2. **(adjective)** (of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle:

Answer 70

**steep** | /stiːp/ ## Footnote 1. **Steep** Tea bag 2 - 4 minutes 2. It's a **steep** climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it. **Sweep** : to clean a room, surface, etc. using a broom

Question 71

# adv 1. very well or to a great degree: 2. in a way that is physically attractive in a traditionally male way:

Answer 71

**handsomely** | /ˈhæn.səm.li/ ## Footnote 1. ***reward someone handsomely*** : She said if his results were good, she would reward him **handsomely**. 2. At six feet, Farzad was **handsomely** athletic.

Question 72

a leadership style that emphasizes self-awareness, genuine values, and transparent relationships.

Answer 72

**Authentic leadership** ## Footnote It's about leading with integrity and building trust by being true to oneself.

Question 73

# Political science the belief that people should obey authority and rules, even when these are unfair or even when this means the loss of personal freedom | اقتدارگرایی

Answer 73

**authoritarianism** | /əˌθɔːrəˈteriənɪzəm/ ## Footnote * During the Shah's period, Iran had a ***constitutional monarchy*** system, at least in theory. However, in practice, the Shah held significant power and the system often leaned towards **authoritarianism**.

Question 74

# noun 1. [countable, uncountable] an official order from a leader or a government that becomes the law 2. [countable] a decision that is made in court | TOPICS Law and justice **C2** TOPICS Preferences and decisions **C2**

Answer 74

**decree** | /dɪˈkriː/ ## Footnote 1. Shah period : There was a parliament with elected members, but its power was often limited. The Shah could influence elections and sometimes bypassed the parliament with **decrees**. 2. a **decree** on property rights

Question 75

# idiom to give one's job, duties, etc., to another person | chiefly US

Answer 75

**pass the torch (on)** * He is retiring and **passing the torch on** to his successor. * She says she's ready to **pass the torch**.

Question 76

# adjective 1. able to begin burning easily SYNONYM ***flammable*** 2. dangerous, volatile, or explosive.

Answer 76

**combustible** | /kəmˈbʌstəbl/ from Latin combust- ‘burnt up’, from the verb comburere. ## Footnote 1. **combustible** material/gases 2. “We've arranged a society based on science and technology, in which nobody understands anything about science technology. And this ***combustible mixture of ignorance and power***, sooner or later, is going to blow up in our faces. (Karl Sagan) **OPP** ***incombustible***

Question 77

# noun [ C ] a person who is very interested in and involved with a particular subject or activity:

Answer 77

**enthusiast** | /ɪnˈθuː.zi.æst/ ## Footnote * a keep-fit **enthusiast** * a model-aircraft **enthusiast**

Question 78

# Social Sciences a persuasion technique that involves suggesting the opposite of what you want to achieve.

Answer 78

**Reverse Psychology** ## Footnote * The goal is to make the other person feel like they are making the decision, but in reality, they are being convinced to do what you want. * **Examples**: A parent telling their child, "You don't have to clean your room, I don't care." A salesperson saying, "I don't want to pressure you, but this is a limited-time offer."

Question 79

# noun [ C ] formal an idea or theory put together from different elements that may not be proved:

Answer 79

**construct** | /ˈkɑːn.strʌkt/ ## Footnote * It's true that many people believe God is a human **construct**, while others believe in a divine being. * Marriage is a social **construct** that is found in most communities and cultures.

Question 80

# Religion studies name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of “YHWH,” the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus.

Answer 80

**Yahweh** ## Footnote * The name **YHWH**, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton.

Question 81

# noun 1. a thin, fast stream of liquid that comes out of a small opening (SYNONYM **spray**) 2. (informal, disapproving) a word used to refer to somebody short, young or unimportant that you do not like or that you find annoying

Answer 81

**squirt** | /skwɝːt/ ## Footnote 1. Add 1-2 **squirts** of mouthwash concentrate and then [dilute](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/dilute) with water / a **squirt** of perfume 2. I caught my neighbour's son writing graffiti on our wall, **the little squirt**.

Question 82

# noun [ U ] ENVIRONMENT specialized the practice of growing only one crop or keeping only one type of animal on an area of farm land:

Answer 82

**monoculture** | /ˈmɑː.noʊˌkʌl.tʃɚ/ ## Footnote * Extensive irrigation for corn **monoculture** depletes water resources.

Question 83

# adj showing strong disapproval and not showing respect: | SYN **disparaging**

Answer 83

**derogatory** | /dɪˈrɑː.ɡə.tɔːr.i/ ## Footnote * ***derogatory commen***t: He made some **derogatory comment** about her appearance. * Many people find this term **derogatory** and racist.

Question 84

# verb to force someone to experience something very unpleasant:

Answer 84

**inflict** | /ɪnˈflɪkt/ ## Footnote * Armed with huge teeth and powerful jaws, the sea lion are very capable of **inflicting** serious woundson the orca. * **(be) inflicted on** The suffering **inflicted on** these children was unimaginable.

Question 85

# Verb to use methods such as visualization (= picturing something in your mind) and affirmation (= repeating positive phrases) to help you imagine achieving something you want, in the belief that doing so will make it more likely to happen:

Answer 85

**manifest** ## Footnote * Famous sports personalities and performers spoke of **manifesting** their success in 2024

Question 86

# SOCIAL STUDIES noun a charge or list of charges either for services or on goods entering a country | Synonym **duty**

Answer 86

**tariff** | /ˈter.ɪf/ ## Footnote * import **tariffs**

Question 87

# adj not easily or quickly noticed or seen, or not attracting attention: | opposite : **conspicuous**

Answer 87

**inconspicuous** | /ˌɪn.kənˈspɪk.ju.əs/ ## Footnote * This type of bird is very **inconspicuous** because of its dull feathers. * At parties, he always stands in a corner and tries to look **inconspicuous**. * If you're concerned about potential staining, you can always do a patch test on an **inconspicuous** area of your clothing before spraying it with perfume.

Question 88

# adjective 1. caused by forces that cannot be explained by science 2. things that cannot be explained by science:

Answer 88

**supernatural** | /ˌsuː.pɚˈnætʃ.ɚ.əl/ ## Footnote 1. Ghosts and evil spirits are **supernatural**. 2. I don't believe in **the supernatural**.

Question 89

# [ C ] informal 1. a person who knows a lot about and is very interested in a particular subject: 2. a pale, yellowish-brown colour:

Answer 89

**buff** | /bʌf/ ## Footnote 1. a computer/opera/film **buff** 2. Is it available in **buff**?

Question 90

# noun [ C or U ] 1. action taken to improve or help a situation 2. action by a country to become involved in the affairs of another country when they have not been asked to do so

Answer 90

**intervention** | /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈven.ʃən/ ## Footnote 1. How exercise may be the ‘most potent medical **intervention** ever known' 2. ***intervention in something*** : NATO **intervention** in the troubled region

Question 91

# adjective unsuitable, esp. for the particular time, place, or situation:

Answer 91

**inappropriate** | /ˌɪn·əˈproʊ·pri·ət/ ## Footnote * His casual clothes were **inappropriate** for such a formal occasion.

Question 92

# adjective seeming larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is:

Answer 92

**exaggerated** | /ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪ.t̬ɪd/ ## Footnote * **exaggerated** reports of the problem

Question 93

# noun [ U ] the substance in chillis (= small hot-tasting peppers) that gives them their hot taste

Answer 93

**capsaicin** | /kæpˈseɪ.ɪ.sɪn/ ## Footnote * **Capsaicin** can reduce LDL cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol) and the high potassium content in chilies helps regulate blood pressure.  

Question 94

# phrase when you meet someoneand want to hear about their recent activities, you can ask: .... .... .... ... ?

Answer 94

**What have you been up to?** ## Footnote * "**What have you been up to**?" is a phrase. It's a common and informal way to ask someone what they've been doing recently. It's often used as a greeting or conversation starter, especially when you haven't seen someone for a while.

Question 95

# phrase food that's cooked at home

Answer 95

**homemade food** ## Footnote * Nothing beats the taste of **homemade food**, especially when it's made with love.

Question 96

# adj 1. The large salary made their offer even more appealing to him. 2. showing that you want people to help you or to show you sympathy

Answer 96

**appealing** | /əˈpiːlɪŋ/ ## Footnote 1. When food is **appealing**, you want to eat it because it looks like it'll be tasty. OPPOSITE **unappealing** 2. ‘Would you really help?’ he said with an **appealing** look.

Question 97

# adj 1. having a strong taste or smell . syn **bitter** 2. direct and having a strong effect | TOPICS Cooking and eating C2

Answer 97

**pungent** | /ˈpʌn.dʒənt/ ## Footnote 1. The marinade is more **pungent** than soy sauce. 2. **pungent** criticism

Question 98

# noun ​a party given by somebody who has just moved into a new home | TOPICS Houses and homes C1

Answer 98

**housewarming** house-warming (also **house-warming party**) | /ˈhaʊs wɔːrmɪŋ/ ## Footnote * a **house-warming** present/gift

Question 99

# phrase To really, really like something and want more of it

Answer 99

**can't get enough of** ## Footnote * She **can't get enough of** the chocolate cake. It's so delicious!

Question 100

# phrase * ​in the past * A phrase used to refer to a time in the past, often a period that the speaker remembers fondly or that contrasts with the present. It's usually a somewhat vague or unspecified time.

Answer 100

**back in the day** ## Footnote * My dad's always talking about how great everything was **back in the day**. back in the **days** ***at a particular time in the past*** I was a fan **back in the days** when the band wasn't yet famous.

Question 101

# adjective 1. having a pleasant sweet taste or containing a lot of juice 2. (of a woman) very sexually attractive 3. (of an area of countryside) very green and attractive

Answer 101

**luscious** | /ˈlʌʃ.əs/ ## Footnote 1. **luscious** ripe figs 2. a **luscious** blonde 3. **luscious** landscapes

Question 102

# phrase to criticize someone severely, or to treat someone unfairly:

Answer 102

**be hard on someone** ## Footnote * Don't **be too hard on** him - he's new to the job. * A good manager knows exactly when to **be hard on** players and when to go easy on them. * Don't **be so hard on** yourself - you're doing great!

Question 103

# phrasal verb to fail to use an opportunity to enjoy or get an advantage from something:

Answer 103

**miss out (on)** ## Footnote * Don't **miss out on** the fantastic bargains in our summer sale. * We didn't have a TV at home when I was young, and I felt as though I **missed out**

Question 104

# phrasal verb talk about recent personal news

Answer 104

**catch up** ## Footnote * I haven't seen my cousin Lisa in months, so we're meeting tomorrow to **catch up**. I want to hear all about her new boyfriend!

Question 105

# idiom informal to decide how to deal with a situation as it develops rather than by having a plan to follow

Answer 105

**play it by ear** ## Footnote * I’m not sure how many people are expected—we’ll just have to **play it by ear**.

Question 106

# noun a small amount of food or drink:

Answer 106

**refreshment** | /rɪˈfreʃmənt/ ## Footnote * Light **refreshments** will be available after the meeting.

Question 107

# adjective difficult to do and causing a lot of worry or anxiety:

Answer 107

**nerve-wracking** (also **nerve-racking**) | /ˈnɝːvˌræk.ɪŋ/ ## Footnote * One of my uncles is such an intense **nerve-wracking** stress freak.

Question 108

# informal humorous someone or something that is not at all important or deserving of respect: | noun [U] (**NOT IMPORTANT**)

Answer 108

**chopped liver** ## Footnote * He didn't even say hello to me. What am I — **chopped liver**? * A score of 85% is not exactly **chopped liver** (= it is very good).

Question 109

# verb 1. to gradually become less, worse, or lower 2. to refuse

Answer 109

**decline** | /dɪˈklaɪn/ ## Footnote 1. His interest in the project **declined** after his wife died. 2. He **declined** my offer.

Question 110

# phrase a sign in the zodiac that corresponds to a person's date of birth

Answer 110

**horoscope sign**

Question 111

# figurative phrase to describe causing someone immense pain, suffering, or public humiliation. It suggests a complete and devastating defeat or ruin.

Answer 111

**Nail someone through a cross** ## Footnote * The scandal **nailed him to a cross**, ending his political career.

Question 112

# adj making you remember or imagine something pleasant:

Answer 112

**evocative** | /ɪˈvɑː.kə.t̬ɪv/ ## Footnote * **evocative** smells/sounds/music * **evocative** of something: Her new book is wonderfully **evocative** of village life. **provocative**: causing thought about interesting subjects / causing an angry reaction, usually intentionally:

Question 113

# noun 1. the part of your body where your legs join at the top, or the part of trousers or underwear that covers this area 2. the part of a tree where its trunk (= main stem) splits into two to form a "Y" shape | TOPICS Body C2

Answer 113

**crotch** (also **crutch**) | /krɑːtʃ/

Question 114

# formal and technical term to eliminate waste from the body through the anus.

Answer 114

**defecate** | /ˈdef.ə.keɪt/ ## Footnote 1. * It's essentially a more polite and medical way of saying "poo," "excrete," or "have a bowel movement.

Question 115

# adjective [ not gradable ] (esp. of something unpleasant) about to happen soon: | SYNONYM **imminent**

Answer 115

**impending** | /ɪmˈpen·dɪŋ/ ## Footnote * warnings of **impending** danger/disaster

Question 116

# verb [ I or T ] to ask for information

Answer 116

**inquire** (UK also **enquire**) | /ɪnˈkwaɪr/ ## Footnote * ***inquire about*** Shall I **inquire** about the price of tickets?

Question 117

# noun phrase something that is easy to obtain, achieve, or take advantage of:

Answer 117

**low-hanging fruit** | /ˌloʊ.hæŋ.ɪŋ ˈfruːt/ ## Footnote * When cutting costs, many companies start with the **low-hanging fruit**: their ad budgets.

Question 118

# abbreviation used at the end of a written invitation to mean that you should tell the people who invited you whether or not you are coming:

Answer 118

**RSVP** abbreviation for "répondez s’il vous plaît", French for "please reply" | /ˌɑːr.es.viːˈpiː/

Question 119

# noun [C ] a large piece of cloth that covers a table during a meal and protects or decorates it

Answer 119

**tablecloth** | /ˈteɪ.bəl.klɑːθ/ ## Footnote * At some point the **tablecloth** was removed.

Question 120

# bouquet noun (FLOWERS) a group of flowers that have been fastened together and attractively arranged so that they can be given as a present or carried on formal occasions

Answer 120

**bouquet** | /boʊˈkeɪ/ ## Footnote * a **bouquet** of flowers * Chris sent me a lovely **bouquet** when I was sick.

Question 121

# noun Formal ​the act of having sex

Answer 121

**copulation** | /ˌkɑːpjuˈleɪʃn/ ## Footnote * **Copulation** occurs at the nest site.

Question 122

# adjective able to be filled with air to make it ready to use

Answer 122

**inflatable** | /ɪnˈfleɪ.t̬ə.bəl/ ## Footnote * **inflatable** pillows/mattresses * this **inflatable** sac is unique to male dromedary camels

Question 123

# noun the sexual activity of moving the tongue across the female sex organs in order to give pleasure and excitement

Answer 123

**cunnilingus** | /ˌkʌn.əˈlɪŋ.ɡəs/ ## Footnote Compare **fellatio** : the sexual activity of sucking or moving the tongue across the penis in order to give pleasure and excitement ----------- **Cunnus**: This is the Latin word for "vulva" or "pudenda." **Lingere**: This is the Latin verb meaning "to lick."

Question 124

# phrasal verb to return:

Answer 124

**go back** ## Footnote * After being photographed, we **went back** inside. * ***go back for*** I'll have to **go back for** my umbrella. * ***go back to*** Do you think you'll ever **go back to** London?

Question 125

# noun [ C ] BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY specialized a chemical naturally, released in the brain to reduce pain, that in large amounts can make you feel relaxed or full of energy

Answer 125

**endorphin** | /enˈdɔːr.fɪn/ ## Footnote Word Origin: 1970s: blend of endogenous and morphine.

Question 126

# phrasal verb to start to suffer from an illness, especially one that is not serious

Answer 126

**come down with something** ## Footnote * I think **I'm coming down with** flu.

Question 127

# phrasal verb with pass BECOME UNCONSCIOUS

Answer 127

**pass out** | /pæs/ ## Footnote * I was hit on the head and **passed out**.

Question 128

# phrasal verb with wear to stop having an effect or influence:

Answer 128

**wear off** | /weər/ ## Footnote * The vaccine **wears off** after 10 years. * The novelty of married life was beginning to **wear off**.

Question 129

# conjunction حرف ربط in a way that suggests something

Answer 129

**as though** also--> as if | /æz ðoʊ/ ## Footnote * It sounds **as though** you had a good time. * I feel **as though** I sweat more than most people!

Question 130

# adjective 1. unable to leave somewhere because of a problem such as not having any transport or money: 2. lacking what is necessary to leave a place or to get out of a situation:

Answer 130

**stranded** | /ˈstræn.dɪd/ ## Footnote 1. He left me **stranded** in town with no car and no money for a bus. 2. **Mass** **Stranding**: Over 150 whales, specifically false killer whales, have become **stranded** on a remote beach in Tasmania, Australia.

Question 131

# noun [ U ] the activity of fighting a war, often including the weapons and methods that are used:

Answer 131

**warfare** | /ˈwɔːr.fer/ ## Footnote * **Warfare** has played a key role in shaping our history, with defeat in battle often precipitating the decline of cultures, of empires, or more recently, of nation-states and victory leading to the acquisition of land, people, and resources.

Question 132

# noun [ C ] mainly US informal a house that is not in good condition, that someone buys with the intention of working on it, improving it, and increasing its value

Answer 132

**fixer-upper** | /ˌfɪk.sɚˈʌp.ɚ/ ## Footnote * We could afford a large home here or a **fixer-upper** in San Francisco.

Question 133

# idiom to give someone help:

Answer 133

**give someone a hand** (also **lend (someone) a hand**) ## Footnote * Could you **give me a hand** with these suitcases? * If it's too much work for just one person, let me know, and I'll **give you a hand**. You can depend on me!

Question 134

# adjective blocked or filled with something

Answer 134

**clogged** | /klɑːɡd/ ## Footnote * **clogged** pipes * The roads quickly became **clogged** with traffic.

Question 135

# adj [only before noun] (formal) happening after something else:

Answer 135

**subsequent** | /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/ ## Footnote * **subsequent** generations

Question 136

# adjective slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable

Answer 136

**damp** | /dæmp/ ## Footnote * The grass is still **damp**. * This shirt still feels a bit **damp**. * It was a **damp**, misty morning.

Question 137

# verb (MAKE BETTER) to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong:

Answer 137

**relieve** | /rɪˈliːv/ ## Footnote * She was given a shot of morphine to **relieve** the pain. * She **relieved** her boredom at home by learning how to type.

Question 138

# noun the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition:

Answer 138

**maintenance** | /ˈmeɪn.tən.əns/ ## Footnote * Old houses need a lot of **maintenance**. * There are thorough **maintenance** checks on each plane before take-off. * The magazine offers tips on cutting your house **maintenance** costs.

Question 139

# phrase to become familiar with something or someone: | B1

Answer 139

**get used to** something/someone ## Footnote * Eventually you'll **get used to** the smells of the laboratory. * [ + -ing verb ] I just can't **get used to** waking up early.

Question 140

# phrasal verb 1. to leave or escape 2. to go somewhere to have a holiday, often because you need to rest | B2

Answer 140

**get away** ## Footnote 1. I'll **get away** from work as soon as I can. 2. I just need to **get away** for a few days.

Question 141

look down on someone phrasal verb with look verb UK /lʊk/ US /lʊk/ (also look down your nose at someone) Add to word list B2 to think that you are better than someone: She thinks they look down on her because she doesn't have a job.

Answer 141

## Footnote * If you **look down on** someone, you don't respect them. You think they are not as good or important as you.

Question 142

# idiom to believe that what someone says is true

Answer 142

**take someone's word for it** | (also **take someone at their word**) ## Footnote * He said he'd give me a job and I just **took him at his word**. * If he says there's $500 in the envelope, then I'll **take his word for it.**

Question 143

# noun [ C ] any of the very small holes in the skin, especially one that a hair grows from

Answer 143

**follicle** | /ˈfɑː.lɪ.kəl/ ## Footnote * a hair **follicle**

Question 144

# verb [ I ] to not do something, especially something enjoyable that you think might be bad:

Answer 144

**abstain** | /æbˈsteɪn/ ## Footnote * **abstain** **from** : He took a vow to **abstain** from porn/alcohol/smoking/sex.

Question 145

# noun [ C or U ] (a piece of) a type of strong tissue found in humans in the joints (= places where two bones are connected) and other places such as the nose, throat, and ears: He has a torn cartilage in his knee.

Answer 145

**cartilage** | /ˈkɑːr.t̬əl.ɪdʒ/

Question 146

# adjective extremely hungry:

Answer 146

**ravenous** | /ˈræv.ən.əs/ ## Footnote * I'm **ravenous** - where's supper? * Growing boys have **ravenous** appetites.

Question 147

# noun [ S ] informal a look in which you move your eyes to the side without turning your face, showing that you are annoyed by someone, do not respect them, or do not believe what they are saying:

Answer 147

**side-eye** | /ˈsaɪdˌaɪ/ ## Footnote * It’s that uneasy feeling when your partner’s chatting up someone charming at a party, and you’re **side-eyeing** the situation. * The **side-eye** is a symbol of passive-aggressive criticism.

Question 148

# adverb something is in front of you in the direction you are moving

Answer 148

**Up ahead** ## Footnote * "There’s a gas station **up ahead**." (It’s a bit further down the road.) * "Challenges lie **up ahead**." (They’re coming soon in the future.)

Question 149

# verb 1. to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight line 2. to change something slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to something else | C1

Answer 149

**align** | /əˈlaɪn/ ## Footnote 1. The top and bottom line of each column on the page should **align**. 2. Domestic prices have been **aligned** with those in world markets.

Question 150

# adj involving two groups of people or two countries | TOPICS **Politics C2**

Answer 150

**bilateral** | /ˌbaɪˈlæt̬.ɚ.əl/ ## Footnote * **bilateral** relations/agreements/trade/talks Both nations have signed bilateral treaties with the United States.

Question 151

# adjective involving two groups or countries:

Answer 151

**bilateral** | /ˌbaɪˈlæt̬.ɚ.əl/ ## Footnote * France and Germany have signed a **bilateral** agreement to help prevent drug smuggling.

Question 152

# noun [C] (**CHESS**) a piece that moves from corner to corner along squares of the same colour ## Footnote 2nd meaning : a priest of high rank who is in charge of the priests of lower rank in a particular area

Answer 152

* **bishop** | /ˈbɪʃ.əp/ ## Footnote * The **king's bishop** is placed on f1 for White and f8 for Black; the **queen's bishop** is placed on c1 for White and c8 for Black. * نام این مهره در چاتورانگا شیوهٔ ابتدایی بازی شطرنج که در هند ابداع شده بود، هاستی - hasti یا گاجا - gaja هر دو به معنی «فیل» بود.

Question 153

# noun [C] (**CHESS**) in the game of chess, a piece in the shape of a horse's head that moves two squares in one direction and then one square at an angle of 90°

Answer 153

**knight**

Question 154

# verb (informal) to succeed in achieving or winning something | TOPICS Success C2

Answer 154

**clinch** | /klɪntʃ/ ## Footnote * to **clinch** an argument/a deal/a victory * They **clinched** a place in the semi-finals.

Question 155

# noun [ C ] disapproving 1. someone who praises or is extremely polite to a more powerful or rich person in a way that is not sincere, usually in order to get an advantage for themselves: 2. a person who is too friendly to somebody in authority and is always ready to do what they want

Answer 155

**bootlicker** | /ˈbuːt.lɪk.ɚ/ ## Footnote * I knew you were silly but I never thought you were a snob and a **bootlicker**.

Question 156

# verb make a change; to cause a change in something

Answer 156

**affect** | /əˈfekt/ ## Footnote * work can **affect** your stress level.

Question 157

# phrasal verb to disappoint someone by failing to do what you agreed to do or were expected to do:

Answer 157

**let sb down** ## Footnote * You will be there tomorrow - you won't **let me down**, will you? * When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had **let my parents down**.

Question 158

# phrasal verb to start to do something without considering if it is the right thing to do or the best way to do it:

Answer 158

**rush into** ## Footnote * I don't want to **rush into** buying a home with my girlfriend.

Question 159

# idiom surprisingly; even though it sounds unusual or strange | (also **funnily**/**oddly enough**)

Answer 159

**strangely enough** ## Footnote * Max usually stays out past midnight, but **strangely enough**, he got home last night at 10.

Question 160

# collocation only; no more than

Answer 160

**nothing but** ## Footnote * He was **nothing but** friendly. He wasn't rude or unkind in any way. * This car has been **nothing but** trouble - it's always breaking down!

Question 161

very surprised:

Answer 161

**astonished** ## Footnote * If you're **astonished**, you're really amazed by something that you didn't expect.

Question 162

# adjective old and in poor condition ## Footnote Synonyms broken-down decrepit derelict (BUILDING, ETC.) ramshackle **disapproving** ricketyrun-down tumbledown

Answer 162

**dilapidated** | /dɪˈlæp.ə.deɪ.t̬ɪd/ ## Footnote * The hotel we stayed in was really **dilapidated**. * a **dilapidated** old car/shed

Question 163

# noun [ U ] formal involvement in a crime or some activity that is wrong:

Answer 163

**complicity** | /kəmˈplɪs.ə.t̬i/ ## Footnote * She is suspected of **complicity** in the fraud.

Question 164

# V 1. to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you: 2. to give someone anything they want and not to mind if they behave badly

Answer 164

**indulge** | /ɪnˈdʌldʒ/ ## Footnote 1. I love champagne but I don't often **indulge** myself. 2. My aunt **indulges** the children dreadfully.

Question 165

# adjective 1. unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way: 2. belonging to, relating to, or found in only particular people or things:

Answer 165

**peculiar** | /pɪˈkjuːl.jɚ/ ## Footnote 1. A **peculiar** noise is a sound which is weird, or perhaps just a little unusual. 2. He gets on with things in his own **peculiar** way/manner/fashion.

Question 166

# phrasal verb 1. to break into pieces: 2. If an organization, system, or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively:

Answer 166

**fall apart** | /fɑːl/ ## Footnote 1. That building is **falling apart**! There are holes in all the walls and giant cracks everywhere. It's not safe! 2. The deal **fell apart** because of a lack of financing.

Question 167

# noun 1. natural ability to do something well 2. a situation in which something is done in an exciting and interesting way | C2

Answer 167

**flair** | /fler/ ## Footnote 1. **flair for**: He has a **flair** for languages. 2. He played with great imagination and **flair**.

Question 168

# v to give someone a thing or a duty for which they are responsible:

Answer 168

**entrust** | /ɪnˈtrʌst/ ## Footnote * ***entrust something to someone*** : He didn't look like the sort of man you should **entrust** your luggage to.

Question 169

| شاهدبازی

Answer 169

Pederasty

Question 170

# v to be a sign of something; to show that something is possible or likely

Answer 170

**indicate** | /ˈɪn.də.keɪt/ ## Footnote * A chess rating of 900 generally **indicates** a player who is in the beginner to lower-intermediate range.

Question 171

Wrap your head around" is an informal idiom meaning to understand or grasp something, especially something complex or challenging.

Question 174

# phrasal verb to leave or escape from a person or place, often when it is difficult to do this

Answer 174

**get away** ## Footnote * I was able to **get away** from the house by breaking a window and jumping into the yard.

Question 175

# adjective [ before noun ] at the greatest distance from the centre

Answer 175

**outermost** | /ˈaʊ.t̬ɚ.moʊst/ ## Footnote * Sunscreen needs to be on the **outermost** layer * the **outermost** reaches of the solar system.

Question 176

# Noun Formal 1. the set of conditions that provides a system in which something grows or develops 2. a group of numbers or other symbols arranged in a rectangle that can be used together as a single unit to solve particular mathematical problems | Maths and measurement **c2**

Answer 176

**matrix** plural: **matrices** uk/-trɪ.siːz/ **matrixes** | /ˈmeɪ.trɪks/ ## Footnote 1. the European cultural **matrix** 2. We used a **matrix** of four rows and three columns to solve the equation.

Question 177

# adjective (medical) ​(of drugs or food) going into a vein | Topics Healthcare **c2**

Answer 177

**intravenous** (abbreviation IV) | /ˌɪntrəˈviːnəs/ ## Footnote * **intravenous** fluids * an **intravenous** injection * an **intravenous** drug user

Question 178

# phrasal verb with loosen 1. to relax, esp. after being nervous 2. to stretch your muscles, esp. by doing special exercises before a hard physical activity

Answer 178

**loosen up** | /ˈluː.sən/ ## Footnote 1. She was nervous at the beginning of the interview but **loosened up** after a while. 2. He always spent 20 minutes **loosening up** before going for his morning run.

Question 179

# noun [ plural ] 1. a large quantity of a valuable natural substance or something desirable or valuable 2. a large amount of money or valuable possessions:

Answer 179

**riches** | /ˈrɪtʃ.ɪz/ ## Footnote 1. Of all the wonderful places in the world, Asia holds more **riches** than any other. 2. She donated a sizeable portion of her **riches** to children's charities.

Question 180

# adj pushing the lower lip forward to show you are annoyed, or to push both lips forward in a sexually attractive way:

Answer 180

**pouting** | ˈpaʊtɪŋ ## Footnote * In the warm waters of the Western Pacific, lives a dramatic little fish, with **pouting** lips and dazzling stripes... ..**the flamboyant Moorish idol**.

Question 181

# verb [ I ] to gather together into a large group

Answer 181

**congregate** | /ˈkɑːŋ.ɡrə.ɡeɪt/ ## Footnote * A crowd **congregated** around City Hall.

Question 182

# noun the eggs of fish, frogs, etc. VERB: to produce eggs

Answer 182

**spawn** | /spɑːn/ ## Footnote * These fish congregate in huge numbers before swimming away from the reef, to **spawn**

Question 183

# verb [T] (SURPRISE) [often passive] to surprise or shock somebody; to make somebody unable to think clearly | Topics Feelings c2

Answer 183

**stupefy** | /ˈstuːpɪfaɪ/ ## Footnote * He was **stupefied** by the amount they had spent. * She was **stupefied** with cold.

Question 184

# noun [ C ] a state or federal prison | Topics Crime and punishment c2

Answer 184

**penitentiary** | /ˌpen·ɪˈten·tʃər·i/ ## Footnote * a federal/state **penitentiary** **penitent** means **sorrowful** **ندامتگاه**

Question 185

# Human Evolution Carl Linnaeus classified humans as .... .... in 1748, marking our recognition as animals.

Answer 185

**Homo Sapiens** | [hoh-moh sey-pee-uhnz] ## Footnote * In 1748, humans officially became animals for the first time. In his book ***Systema Naturae*** (The System of Nature), the botanist and zoologist ***Carl Linnaeus*** (1707–78) placed us in a group of related animal species—a genus —that he called Homo, and classified us as sapiens, meaning “wise.” Today, **Homo sapiens** is the only existing human form. (page 9)

Question 186

# noun something that is mysterious and seems impossible to understand completely:

Answer 186

**enigma** | /əˈnɪɡ.mə/ ## Footnote * *The evolution of bipedalism* in our ancestors is one of the greatest **enigmas**, but we're in the process of unraveling it, thanks to amazing recent advancements in prehistoric sciences. (pocket history of human evolution, pg 7)

Question 187

# verb [ T ] to cause something to move forward

Answer 187

**propel** | /prəˈpel/ ## Footnote * Was it climate change that **propelled** our supposed arboreal ancestors from the forests onto the ground in the savannas? (pocket history of human evolution, pg 7)

Question 188

# adjective biology specialized of or living in trees

Answer 188

**arboreal** | /ɑːrˈbɔːr.i.əl/ ## Footnote * Was it climate change that propelled our supposed **arboreal** ancestors from the forests onto the ground in the savannas?* (pocket history of human evolution, pg 7) * Humans evolved from **arboreal** ancestors. from Latin ***arbor*** ‘tree’,

Question 189

# noun [ S ] biology specialized A genus of extinct early hominins that lived in Africa approximately 4.2 to 2 million years ago ($4.2 - 2 {mya}). The name literally means "Southern Ape"

Answer 189

**Australopithecus** | /ˌɑː.strə.loʊˈpɪθ.ɪ.kəs/ ## Footnote * 3.3 million years ago, in what would become present-day Kenya, stone tools were being made by hand. The oldest human fossil is estimated to be from 2.8 million years ago, so the hands that made these tools could not have been human. They could very well have belonged to ***Australopithecus***, a prehuman. So it wasn’t tools that made us human after all. (pocket history of human evolution, pg 7) from Latin ***australis*** ‘southern’, + Greek ***pithēkos*** ‘ape’.

Question 190

# adjective formal or humorous seeming to be everywhere

Answer 190

**ubiquitous** | /juːˈbɪk.wə.t̬əs/ ## Footnote * Homo Sapien: a **ubiquitous** species that has transformed nature into its home—a home that has now reached global dimensions. In this book, we will Homo Sapien: explain this enigmatic evolutionary saga. This is the history of a cultural animal: you. (pocket history of human evolution, pg 8)

Question 191

# noun 1. a long story about past events over a long period of time 2. a long story about Scandinavian history, written in the Old Norse language in the Middle Ages, mainly in Iceland: | Literature and writing c2

Answer 191

**saga** | /ˈsɑː.ɡə/ ## Footnote 1. Homo Sapien: a ubiquitous species that has transformed nature into its home—a home that has now reached global dimensions. In this book, we will Homo Sapien: explain this enigmatic evolutionary **saga**. This is the history of a cultural animal: you. (pocket history of human evolution, pg 8) 2. Norse **sagas** from Old Norse, literally ‘narrative’; related to sage, saw, say

Question 192

# adjective.. idiom very worried, nervous, or angry

Answer 192

**wound up** | /ˌwaʊnd ˈʌp/ ## Footnote * She gets pretty **wound up** before a game.

Question 193

# noun [ C usually singular ] a very deep hole that seems to have no bottom

Answer 193

**abyss** | /əˈbɪs/ ## Footnote * Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman--a rope over an **abyss**. Nietzsche

Question 194

# noun [ C ] Ancient Egyptians submitted to the rule of the ........., who was believed to be the gods’ human representative on earth and the central figure in Egypt’s religious practice. | book: 12 Major World Religions, pg 20

Answer 194

**pharaoh** | /ˈfer.oʊ/ ## Footnote * ​**a political leader of ancient Egypt** ***Etymology***: The word "**Pharaoh**" comes from the ancient Egyptian term $pr-ʿ3$ (often transliterated as **per ʿaa** or **per-aʾa**). **pr** means "**house**". **aʾa** means "**great**" or "**high**".Therefore, **pr-ʿ3** literally means "**Great House**" or "**High House**".

Question 195

# Ancient Egyptian mythology The Ancient Egyptian concept of Cosmic **Order**, Truth, Justice, and Balance. | Ma'at

Answer 195

**Ma'at** | /mɑːˈɑːt/ ## Footnote * Fundamental to Egyptian life and religion was the concept of **ma'at** , or **order**. Personified as the goddess Ma’at, maat also enveloped all aspects of human life, from the relationship between humanity and the gods to the role of the pharaoh. (12 Major World Religions, pg 21)

Question 196

# Ancient Egyptian mythology The foundational belief in Ancient Egyptian cosmology is that before the world of Ma'at (order) existed, there was nothing but the infinite, formless, dark expanse of water known as ... .

Answer 196

**Nun** (or Nu). | /nʌn/ ## Footnote * Existed before creation began, it was the dark, infinite, formless ocean that contained the potential for all life. The creator god, ***Atum***, emerged from **Nun**, and the first land, the Primeval Mound (***Benben***), rose from its waters to begin the ordered world of ***Ma'at***.

Question 197

# Ancient Egyptian mythology the first god, who arose at the beginning of time having created himself out of nothing. | Ancient Egypt: The Definitive Visual History, DK, pg 338

Answer 197

**Atum** | /AH-toom/ ## Footnote * With his semen (or saliva), **Atum** also created two offspring, ***Shu*** and ***Tefnut***, who in turn gave birth to the Earth (***Geb***) and the sky (***Nut***). As father of the gods, **Atum** was also the father of the kings. **Atum** was a creator god. He was worshipped alongside ***Ra*** at Heliopolis, which means the “City of the Sun.” **Atum** is usually depicted wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. He is often shown sitting on a throne.

Question 198

# Ancient Egyptian mythology the personification of the primeval waters that existed at the time of creation, along with Naunet, the female form.

Answer 198

**Nun** ## Footnote * **Nun** was more ***element*** than ***deity***, and any body of water—including the Nile—could be called **Nun**. He was also depicted in human form, often shown supporting Ra’s solar boat on his upraised arms.

Question 199

four Happy Chemical 🧠 | hint : **(D.O.S.E.)**

Answer 199

(D.O.S.E.): **Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, Endorphins** ## Footnote The Reward Chemical: **Dopamine** The Love Hormone: **Oxytocin** The Mood Stabilizer: **Serotonin** The Natural Painkiller: **Endorphins**

Question 200

# phrase The system of tiny brain structures that controls happy chemicals. | source: meet your happy chemicals, pg7

Answer 200

**Limbic System** | /ˈlɪm.bɪk ˌsɪs.təm/ ## Footnote * Happy chemicals are controlled by tiny brain structures that all mammals have in common: the hippocampus, amygdala, pituitary, hypothalamus, and other parts collectively known as the **limbic system**. from Latin ***limbus ‘edge***’.

Question 201

the average, steady level of the neurotransmitter dopamine in your brain, which influences your general motivation, mood, and energy

Answer 201

**Dopamine baseline**

Question 202

# noun [uncountable + singular or plural verb] a form of strength training that uses gravity and your own body weight as resistance.

Answer 202

**calisthenics** (British English callisthenics) | /ˌkælɪsˈθenɪks/ ## Footnote **Calisthenics** VS **Gymnastics**: **Calisthenics** focuses on bodyweight exercises (like pull-ups, push-ups, and dips) to build strength, control, and mobility—often used for fitness and street workouts. **Gymnastics** is a structured sport involving routines on apparatus (rings, bars, floor, etc.) that demand high-level strength, flexibility, and skill, usually trained competitively. from Greek kallos ‘beauty’ + sthenos ‘strength’ + -ics.

Question 203

# adjective unusual and exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from far away, especially a tropical country | B2

Answer 203

**exotic** | /ɪɡˈzɑː.t̬ɪk/ ## Footnote * **exotic** flowers/food/designs * She travels to all kinds of **exotic** locations all over the world.

Question 204

# phrasal verb ​to give something to a person in authority, especially a piece of work or something that is lost

Answer 204

**hand in** | hand sth in (to sb) (BriEn: also give sth in (to sb)) ## Footnote * I've just **handed in** my notice. I did this morning.

Question 205

# noun [uncountable] a pale purple colour | Topics Colours and Shapes **c2**

Answer 205

**mauve** | /məʊv/

Question 206

# phrase a simple term for the mental struggle you feel when you know you should do something productive or healthy, but you just don't feel like it. | مقاومت سیستم لیمبیک

Answer 206

**Limbic friction** ## Footnote * "**Limbic friction**" is a term coined by Stanford neuroscientist [Andrew Huberman](https://ai.hubermanlab.com/s/c_GBf7gc) to describe the effort needed to overcome states of high alertness or lethargy in order to engage in a desired activity or thought pattern. [منبع فارسی](https://youtu.be/DxspXvNM5B4?t=360)

Question 207

the most important member of a group or part of a system, that holds together the other members or parts or makes it possible for them to operate as intended

Answer 207

**linchpin** also: lynchpin ## Footnote * **linchpin** of sth: Consumer spending is the **linchpin** of the economy.

Question 208

# verb (formal) to get back your health, strength or energy after being ill, tired, injured, etc. synonym **recover** | Topics Health problems c2

Answer 208

**recuperate** | /rɪˈkuːpəreɪt/ ## Footnote * He's still **recuperating** from his operation. * After an exhausting few weeks I needed some time to **recuperate**.

Question 209

# adjective 1. quick; busy 2. (of a person, their voice or manner) practical and confident; showing a desire to get things done quickly | Topics Personal qualities c2

Answer 209

**brisk** | /brɪsk/ (comparative brisker, superlative briskest) ## Footnote 1. a **brisk** walk/ We went for a **brisk** walk before lunch. 2. His tone became **brisk** and businesslike.

Question 210

an informal phrase that means to stop doing something, especially something annoying. It is often used as a command to tell someone to cease their behavior.

Answer 210

**knock it off**

Question 212

# [uncountable, plural] (informal, offensive) an offensive word for people who you think are very bad

Answer 212

**scum** | /skʌm/ ## Footnote * Don't waste your sympathy on **scum** like that. * Drug dealers are the **scum** of the earth (= the worst people there are).

Question 213

# verb 1. poke (someone or something) roughly or quickly, especially with something sharp or pointed. 2. (British English, informal) to vaccinate somebody against a disease | Topics Healthcare **c1**

Answer 213

**jab** | /dʒæb/ ## Footnote 1. **jab somebody/something (in something) (with something)** She **jabbed** him in the ribs with her finger. 2. Over 80% of the population had been **double-jabbed** (= had had two vaccinations against Covid-19)

Question 214

# n a close connection joining two or more people | Topics Family and relationships **b2** ## Footnote پیوند دلبستگی ارتباط

Answer 214

**bond** | /bɑːnd/ ## Footnote * Early emotional **bonds** are an integral part of human nature. JOHN BOWLBY (1907–1990)

Question 215

# adjective being an essential part of something

Answer 215

**integral** | /ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡrəl/ ## Footnote * * Early emotional bonds are an **integral** part of human nature. JOHN BOWLBY (1907–1990)

Question 216

The psychoanalytic theory suggesting that infants become attached to caregivers primarily because they fulfill physiological needs, such as providing food.

Answer 216

**"Cupboard love" theory** (associated with Freud).

Question 217

# (British English, old-fashioned) love that somebody, especially a child, shows towards somebody else in order to get something

Answer 217

**cupboard love**

Question 218

# adjective Being likely or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something unpleasant or undesirable.

Answer 218

**prone** | /prəʊn/ ## Footnote * among all the sciences, psychology is perhaps the most mysterious to the general public, and the most **prone** to misconceptions.

Question 219

# v to enter or make somebody enter a place or an organization secretly, especially in order to get information that can be used against it

Answer 219

**infiltrate** | /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/ ## Footnote * Even though its language and ideas have **infiltrated** everyday culture, most people have only a hazy idea of what the subject is about, and what psychologists actually do.

Question 220

# adj not clear because of hazr or a lack of memory, understanding or detail

Answer 220

**hazy** ## Footnote * Even though its language and ideas have infiltrated everyday culture, most people have only a **hazy** idea of what the subject is about, and what psychologists actually do.

Question 221

# phrasal verb to make something appear as a picture in your mind | synonym **evoke**

Answer 221

**conjure up** *conjure something up* | /ˈkɑːndʒər/ ## Footnote * For some, psychology **conjures up** images of people in white coats, either staffing an institution for mental disorders or conducting laboratory experiments on rats.

Question 222

# adjective making you feel confused because there are too many things to choose from or because something is difficult to understand | synonym confusing

Answer 222

**bewildering** | /bɪˈwɪldərɪŋ/ ## Footnote * The **bewildering** array of "psych-" terms and the huge range of subjects under psychology's umbrella cause confusion about the field.

Question 223

# adj impossible to touch, to describe exactly, or to give an exact value:

Answer 223

**intangible** | /ɪnˈtæn.dʒə.bəl/ ## Footnote * Psychology's transition from philosophy to science was slowed by the **intangible** nature of subjects like consciousness, perception, and memory.

Question 224

# noun [ C or U ] chemistry specialized if you consume more energy than you burn you store it as ... .

Answer 224

**triglyceride** | /traɪˈɡlɪs.ə.raɪd/ ## Footnote * **Triglycerides** are a form of fat linked to heart disease. * **Triglyceride** levels in the blood increase after a person eats.

Question 225

# idiom informal to not be important or popular any longer

Answer 225

**be (as) dead as a/the dodo** ## Footnote * Letter-writing **is as dead as the dodo.**

Question 226

# idiom to admit your error and apologize

Answer 226

**eat humble pie** ## Footnote * After his candidate had lost the election, the boastful campaign manager had to **eat humble pie**.

Question 227

# idiom an item you purchase without having seen; a disappointment

Answer 227

**a pig in a poke** ## Footnote * The mail order bicycle that my nephew bought turned out to be **a pig in a poke**, and he is now trying to get his money back.

Question 228

# adjective Zoology (of an animal) feeding on fruit.

Answer 228

**frugivorous** | / frü-ˈji-və-rəs / ## Footnote * Orangutans are omnivores, but they are primarily **frugivorous**, meaning their diet is overwhelmingly composed of fruit.

Question 229

# noun the main bad character in a story, play, etc. often the antagonist in a story who opposes the hero | #hero

Answer 229

**villain** | /ˈvɪlən/ ## Footnote * He often plays the part of the **villain**.

Question 230

# noun a formal statement or system of esp. religious beliefs | =credo

Answer 230

**creed** | /kriːd/ ## Footnote * The law forbids discrimination because of race, color, or **creed**.

Question 231

# phrase Wittgenstein’s idea that meaning comes from how words are used in social, rule-governed activities — often described with the metaphor of games?

Answer 231

**“language game"** ## Footnote * Wittgenstein used “**language game**” to show that words gain meaning from their role in particular forms of life and social practices — not from standing for fixed objects or ideas alone. Example: The word "**Water**!"In one context (game), saying "Water!" when you are thirsty is a request for a **drink**.In another context (game), saying "**Water**!" when you see a **flood** coming is a warning.In a third context, it could be the answer to the question, "What is **{H}2{O}**The meaning of the word is determined by which "game" is being played.

Question 232

# noun ​a twisted mass of threads, hair, etc. that cannot be easily separated | #detangle ## Footnote Appearance c2

Answer 232

**tangle** | /ˈtæŋɡl/ ## Footnote * Her hair was a mass of **tangles**.

Question 233

# noun [uncountable] meat from a deer | Topics Food **c2**

Answer 233

**venison** | /ˈvenɪsn/ ## Footnote from Latin venatio(n-) ‘hunting’, from venari ‘to hunt’.

Question 234

# phrasal verb 1. to suddenly try to hit somebody/something 2. To suddenly attack verbally / criticize angrily

Answer 234

**lash out** | /læʃ aʊt/ ## Footnote 1. She suddenly **lashed out** at the boy 2. She **lashed out** in anger

Question 235

# noun [ C ] US not standard a creature

Answer 235

**critter** | /ˈkrɪt̬.ɚ/ (also crittur) ## Footnote * The biologist classified the newly discovered organism as a marine **creature**, though the locals affectionately referred to it as a curious **critter**. **creature vs critter**: * **Creature**: neutral, formal word for any living being. * **Critter**: informal, often playful or rustic term for small animals. n short: You fear a **creature** in a horror movie, but you find a **critter** in your garden like: Raccoons, bugs, squirrels

Question 236

# American English informal to vomit

Answer 236

**barf** ## Footnote **vomit vs barf**: * **Vomit**: formal/medical term. * **Barf**: informal/slang. The doctor noted the patient might **vomit**, but the kids joked he would just **barf**. Origin **barf** (1900-2000) Probably from the sound

Question 237

# verb to choose only the best or most suitable from a group of people or things

Answer 237

**cherry-pick** | /ˈtʃer.iˌpɪk/ ## Footnote * Non-fundamentalist religion, by definition, depends upon **cherry-picking** the given religion’s doctrines, discarding the uncongenial teachings and reinterpreting the others to make them more comfortable to live with. (the God Argument; pg 12)

Question 238

# noun [uncountable] the feathers covering a bird’s body | Topics Birds c2

Answer 238

**plumage** | /ˈpluːmɪdʒ/ ## Footnote * to be in summer/winter **plumage**

Question 239

# exclamation mainly US informal used to show that you think something is surprising, shocking, or impressive

Answer 239

**Holy smokes!** ## Footnote * "**Holy smokes!** Look at that giant burger he's eating!" Some sources note that “**holy smoke**” once referred to smoke from religious sacrifices or incense in the 19th century

Question 240

# adjective [usually before noun] (formal or law) ​connected with the body or with sex

Answer 240

**carnal** | /ˈkɑːrnl/ ## Footnote * A **carnal** relationship refers to a physical or bodily relationship, especially one involving sexual activity. Latin carnalis, from caro, carn- ‘flesh’. ( carnal and carnivorous come from the same Latin root) #**Platonic relationship** is antonym of **carnal relationship**.

Question 241

# noun [uncountable] (medical or formal) ​sexual intercourse (= the physical activity of sex)

Answer 241

**coitus** | /ˈkəʊɪtəs/

Question 242

# noun [uncountable] an act of sexual intercourse in which the man removes his penis from the woman’s body before he ejaculates, in order to prevent the woman from becoming pregnant

Answer 242

**coitus interruptus** | /ˌkəʊɪtəs ɪntəˈrʌptəs/

Question 243

# noun the small sensitive organ just above the opening of a woman’s vagina that becomes larger when she is sexually excited | Topics Body c2

Answer 243

**clitoris** | /ˈklɪtərɪs/ ## Footnote From Greek kleitoris (κλειτορίς), to shut, to enclose. common root with close

Question 244

# noun [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who travel with an important person

Answer 244

**entourage** | /ˌɑːntuˈrɑːʒ/ ## Footnote * the President and members of his immediate **entourage** * an **entourage** of adoring fans * the **entourage** that always travels/travel with the President mid 19th cent.: French, from entourer ‘to surround’.

Question 245

# adjective ​like a sphere in shape synonym | =round ## Footnote Colours and Shapes c2

Answer 245

**spherical** | /ˈsferɪkl/ ## Footnote * The **spherical** shape of the Earth causes us to see the horizon curve in the distance. from Greek sphairikos, from sphaira ‘ball’.

Question 246

# phrasal verb ​(informal) to decide not to do something because you are afraid | Topics Personal qualities c2

Answer 246

**chicken out** (of something/of doing something) ## Footnote * You’re not going to **chicken out**, are you? * Kim put my name down for a sponsored parachute jump but I **chickened out** at the last moment.

Question 247

# adjective ​(of a person) often arguing with other people | =argumentative ## Footnote Topics Opinion and argument c2

Answer 247

**quarrelsome** | /ˈkwɑːrəlsəm/ ## Footnote * He's always been moody and **quarrelsome** like that.