2.1

Question 1

what are cells organised into in complex organisms

Answer 1

• tissues
• organs
• organelles

Question 2

what is the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells

6 things

Answer 2

• cell envelope
• cytoplasm
• nucleoid
• plasmids
• 70S ribosomes
• cell wall

Question 3

nucleoid

Answer 3

• contains genomic DNA and molecules of RNA and proteins

Question 4

plasmids

Answer 4

• small circular double stranded DNA molecule

Question 5

70S ribosomes

Answer 5

• made up of a larger 50S subunit and a smaller 30S subunit

Question 6

ribosomes

Answer 6

• made out of RNA and proteins
• consists of two separate RNA protein complexes

Question 7

cell wall

Answer 7

• composed of a network of cellulose microfibrils and corss linking glycans

Question 8

gram positive bacteria

Answer 8

• thick peptidoglycan cell wall
• when combined with bacteria it stays purple
• no outer membrane

Question 9

gram negative bacteria

Answer 9

• thin peptidoglycan cell wall
• surrounded by outer membrane which contains lipopolysaccharide
• when stain combines with bacteria, it goes red

Question 10

why do some antibiotics work better on gram positive bacteria than gram negative

e.g. penicillin

Answer 10

• they inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
• because gram neg layer is very thin, the peptidoglycan layer is hidden and less vital to wall structure

Question 11

function of chloroplast

Answer 11

• produces energy through photosynthesis

Question 12

function of tonoplast

Answer 12

regulates movement of ions around the cell

Question 13

function of golgi apparatus

Answer 13

proteins received from endoplasmic reticulum and further processed and sorted for transport

Question 14

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

• used for the creation of lipids

Question 15

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

• plays a role in the synthesis of various proteins

Question 16

function of nucleus

Answer 16

• stores the cell’s DNA
• facilitates transcription and translocation

Question 17

function of nucleolus

Answer 17

• produces and assembles the cell’s ribosomes

Question 18

function of mitochondria

Answer 18

• provides energy and generates ATP through oxidation

Question 19

function of lysosomes

Answer 19

• function as the digestive system of the cell

Question 20

function of vacuole

Answer 20

• filled with fluid - cell sap
• helps maintain pressure in plant cells

Question 21

function of cell wall

Answer 21

• provides tensile strnegth and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress