topic 3

Question 1

taxonomic groups

Answer 1

Domain (Drunk)
Kingdom (King)
Phylum (Phillip)
Class (Came)
Order (Over)
Family (For)
Genus (Goat)
Species (Stew)

Question 2

what is a species

Answer 2

• a group of organisms with similar characterisitics that interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 3

limitations of species

Answer 3

• only sometimes produce fertile offspring
• sometimes geographically separated so cant interbreed
• fertile hybrids can be produced
• fossils cannot reproduce but still need to be defined

Question 4

identifying a species

issues

Answer 4

• whether it is new in the area
• whether it is just a variation of another species
• if its the same but looks different?

Question 5

gel electrophoresis

Answer 5

• fragments of DNA put into wells in agar
• short fragments move towards the negative cathode
• longer fragments move slower

Question 6

what does gel electrophoresis help us do

Answer 6

see how common DNA is between 2 species

Question 7

DNA sequencing

Answer 7

• can tell you the DNA profile of an organism
• used to look at evolutionary relationships- phelogeny

Question 8

bioinformatics

Answer 8

• analysing DNA and patterns and relationships with other organisms

Question 9

peer review process

Answer 9

• editor of journal sends a potential paper to two or three other scientists in the same area of work
• if they agree the paper is valid and significant it can be published

Question 10

scientific journals

Answer 10

• any research carried out must be published in at least one journal so it can be read by other scientists

Question 11

scientific conferences

Answer 11

• scientists working in the same areas can discuss new ideas, theories and their provisional thoughts
• validity of results can be challenged
• papers presented to audience proceeded with a Q&A

Question 12

evidence for the 3 domains

Answer 12

• differences in nucleotide sequences
• membrane lipid structure
• sensitivity to antibiotics

Question 13

3.2

evolution as a result of natural selection

Answer 13

• theory od evolution - Darwin
• survival of the fittest

Question 14

4 stages to natural selection

Answer 14

1. species reproduces, shows variation
2. selection pressure - competition for food, habitat, mates
3. ones with best adaptations survive
4. survivors pass good genes to offspring

Question 15

what is meant by evolution

Answer 15

• the change in the genetic composition of a population due to beneficial alleles being passed onto the next generation

Question 16

what is a niche

Answer 16

• the role of an organism within the habitat it lives in

Question 17

anatomical adaptations

Answer 17

• structure and form of organisms
• e.g. thick layer of blubber on seals + whales to keep them warm

Question 18

physiological adaptations

Answer 18

• adaptations involving the way the body of the organism works
• e.g. snakes make venom to protect themselves from predators

Question 19

behavioural adaptations

Answer 19

• adaptation involving changes in programmed or instinctive behaviour making organism better adapted for survival.
  e.g. -birds migrating to warmer area / avoid harsh conditions.

Question 20

what is speciation

Answer 20

• a change in selection pressure to form new species
• need to be reproductively isolated

Question 21

allopatric speciation

Answer 21

geographical isolation

Question 22

sympatric speciation

Answer 22

• mechanical
• ecological
• behavioural
• temporal

isolation

Question 23

adaptive radiation

Answer 23

• new species arrise in a new location
• new species give rise to many variations

Question 24

evolutionary race

Answer 24

• evolution causes antibiotics resistance, so rapid development of new medicines is necessary

Question 25

# 3.3 biodiversity

Answer 25

- the variety of different organisms in an area

Question 26

ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 26

- destroying biodiversity will deny future generations the oppurtunity to use the renewable resources - great source of pleasure - if they are extinct, combinations of DNA are lost

Question 27

economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity | ecosystem services

Answer 27

- provision services - regulating environment - biodiversity supporting crop growth - recreation and wellbeing

Question 28

ex-situ conservation

Answer 28

- takes place outside their natural habitat

Question 29

ex-situ conservation in animals

Answer 29

- they're moved to safer environments to breed if they are on the brink of extinction

Question 30

ex-situ conservation - plants

Answer 30

- seed bansk with all flowering plant seeds that can be conserved for 200+ years

Question 31

limitations ## Footnote of ex-situ conservation

Answer 31

- difficult to get the right conditions - problems adjusting the wild - gene pool reduced - expensive and time consuming

Question 32

in-situ conservation

Answer 32

- takes place in their natural habitat -

Question 33

what is a protected habitat

Answer 33

- areas that are protected by law that cannot be destroyed or used

Question 34

limitations of in-situ conservation

Answer 34

- expensive - time consuming