Microbiology & Immunology > 2.2 > Flashcards

2.2 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what kind of immunity is essential for effective host defense at the EARLY STAGE of infection

A

innate

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2
Q

what kind of immunity is essential for MICROBE CLEARANCE

A

adaptive

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3
Q

what are the steps of the innate immune response

A
  • recognition of pathogen by host cells (receptors for pathogen constituents)
  • recruitment of host cells at site of infection (soluble proteins)
  • activation of destructive effector mechanisms (effector cells engulf pathogen & kill pathogen or pathogen-infected cells)
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4
Q

what cells are used as a defense mechanism to extracellular microbes & why

A
  • complement macrophages, neutrophils, antimicrobial peptides
  • bc accessible to soluble molecules & phagocytes
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5
Q

what cells are used as a defense mechanism to intracellular microbes & why

A
  • NK cells & activated macrophages
  • require killing or activation of infected cells
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6
Q

what kind of immunity recognizes structures shared by various classes of microbes that are not present on normal host cells

A

innate

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7
Q

in innate immunity pattern recognition receptors (PRR) encoded in germ line possess __ & are distributed ___

A
  • limited diversity
  • nonclonally
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8
Q

how do cells of the innate immunity identify microorganisms

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRR) recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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9
Q

what are pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

molecules expressed and / or produced solely by microbes

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10
Q

PRR expression and ligands are __

A

redundant

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11
Q

PRR are localized at ___ & ___ membrane and in the __

A
  • plasma
  • endosomal
  • cytosol
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12
Q

what do PRR recognize

A

similar types of ligands

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13
Q

what is TLR signal transduction

A

the recruitment of adaptor proteins (MyD88 & TRIF) leading to activation of transcription factors and cytokine production

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14
Q

what does TLR3 recruit & what does it trigger

A
  • TRIF
  • IFN alpha / beta production
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15
Q

production of type 1 interferon (IFN alpha, beta) leads to an ___

A

antiviral state

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16
Q

increased expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and co-stimulators causes

A
  • acute inflammation
  • stimulation of adaptive immunity
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17
Q

what complex is involved in chronic disease development and the activation of inflammatory process that provide the host defenses

A

inflammasome multiprotein complex

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18
Q

what is NLRP3 inflammasome assembly initiated by

A
  • microbial products
  • substances indicating cell damage and death
  • endogenous substances in excess in tissues
  • inorganic particles
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19
Q

what does NLRP3 inflammasome assembly lead to

A

caspase-1 activation & results in cleavage of pro-IL1 beta and secretion of IL-1 beta

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20
Q

what does IL-1 beta induce

A
  • upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules
  • upregulation of chemokines
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21
Q

NLRP3 inflammasome activation causes accumulation of ___ & ___ at the site of infection

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
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22
Q

what are the components of the innate immune system

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A
  • epithelial barriers
  • circulating effector cells attack microbes that have breached epithelial barriers (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, DC)
  • NK cells
  • mast cells / basophils / eosinophils
23
Q

what are components of the epithelia physical barrier

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A
  • keratin (skin)
  • mucus (GI & respiratory & genitourinary)
  • saliva (oral cavity)
  • tight junctions
24
Q

what is the function of the epithelial chemical barrier

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A

kill microbes by disrupting outer membranes of bacteria and some viruses

25
what occurs in the epithelial cellular barrier
- gama, delta T cells recognize PAMPs - B-1 cells produce natural antibodies specific for bacterial carbohydrate
26
what is the most abundant immune cell
neutrophils
27
what immune cell is short lived and has no lysosomes
neutrophils
28
___ mediate the earliest phase of inflammatory responses
neutrophils
29
what immune cells are long-lived and differentiate into macrophages in tissues
monocytes
30
what immune cells mediate the later stages of the innate immune response, 1 or 2 days after infection, and are dominant effector cells that rapidly respond and divide and persist at the site of inflammation
macrophages
31
what is the function of classical (M1) macrophages
kill microbes and trigger inflammation
32
what immune cells are long-lived and possess dendrites and phagocytic capabilities
dendritic cell
33
what links innate and adaptive immune responses
classical DC
34
how are innate and adaptive immune responses linked
classical DC capture and display microbial antigens to naive T lymphocytes & tune T cell response by secreting cytokines
35
what immune cell produces type I interferon (IFN alpha / beta) that possess antiviral activities and binds dsRNA via TLR3
plasmacytoid DC
36
what immune cells are not phagocytes and do NOT express somatically rearranged clonally distributed antigen receptors & kill target cells without a need for additional activation
natural killer cells
37
what enhances the killing function of natural killer cells
IL-12 & IFN alpha / beta
38
what does inhibitory receptor engagement to MHC class I inhibit
natural killer cell activation
39
signals from ___ receptors block signals from __ receptors
- inhibitory - activating
40
what triggers activation of natural killer cells
lack of inhibitory receptor engagement
41
natural killer cells kill ___ via ___
- virus infected cells - perforin / granzyme
42
what is the overall function of natural killer cells
eliminate the reservoir of infection
43
___ mature in tissue such as skin and lungs and are found near blood vessels in tissues
mast cells
44
___ & ___ are found in blood
- basophils - eosinophils
45
upon activation of mast cell, basophils, & eosinophils, ____ & ___ are released
- proteolytic enzymes - inflammatory substances
46
what are examples of inflammatory substances
- histamine - prostaglandins - heparin - leukotrienes - TNF alpha
47
what immune cells are important in helping to protect against HELMINTH and BACTERIAL infection and are involved in allergy
mast cells, basophils, & eosinophils
48
what are the 2 signals that lymphocyte activation requires
1 - antigen binding to antigen receptor 2 - molecules provided by innate cells
49
what signals are provided by innate cells to T cells
- second signal for lymphocyte T activation - differentiation signal / third signal
50
A gum infection is occurring. what is the first step by which cells of the innate immunity in the tissue identify that microbes have invaded the gum? a - they are activated by receptors that recognize soluble molecules produced by microbes b - they express receptors with great diversity for antigens expressed by microbes c - they produce cytokines that allow them to recognize molecules expressed by microbes d - they express receptors with limited diversity allowing them to recognize molecules expressed by microbes e - they produce molecules that activate the complement activation
d - they express receptors with limited diversity allowing them to recognize molecules expressed by microbes
51
what is the most important function of the innate immunity at early time-points (days) following a bacterial infection? a - inducing T cells to produce IFNgamma and subsequent macrophage activation b - controlling the levels of infection until the adaptive immunity is activated c - activating NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent IL-1 secretion for recruitment of NK cells d - inducing plasmacytoid DC production of IFNalpha e - inducing wound healing M2 macrophages
b - controlling the levels of infection until the adaptive immunity is activated
52
what is the main function of NK cells? a - phagocytosing microbed b - killing infected cells c - producing IFNalpha for defense against virus d - contributing to inflammation by producing histamine e - activating T cells
b - killing infected cells
53
what type of immunity is described by these terms: immediate, non-specific, no memory
innate
54
what type of immunity is described by these terms: delayed, specific, memory
adaptive
Microbiology & Immunology
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