2j

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

• Change in an organism’s surroundings that produces a response

Question 2

Receptor

Answer 2

• Cell / Organ that detects a stimulus

Question 3

Effector

Answer 3

• Organ that brings about a response

Question 4

Nervous system characteristics

Answer 4

• Works by nerve impulses transmitted through nerve cells
• Nerve impulses travel fast and usually have an ‘instant’ effect
• Response is usually short-lived
• Impulses act on individual cells such as muscle fibres, so they have a very localised effect

Question 5

Endocrine system characteristics

Answer 5

• Works by hormones transmitted through the bloodstream
• Hormones travel slower and generally take longer to act
• Response is usually longer lasting
• Hormones can have widespread effects on different organs but they only act on organs whose cells have the correct receptors for that hormone

Question 6

CNS

Answer 6

• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Linked to organs by nerves

Consists of:
- Brain
- Spinal cord

Question 7

Impulse

Answer 7

• Electrical signal that carries information through nerve cells

Question 8

Synapse

Answer 8

• The gap between two neurons
• Messages cross the synapse with chemicals called neurotransmitters

Question 9

Reflex & Reflex arc

Answer 9

• Automatic reaction
• Stimulus – (sensory neuron) –> Relay neuron – (motor neuron) – (Effector) –> Response

Question 10

Skin temperature regulation

Answer 10

• Cool down: sweating, vasodilation
• Keep warm: vasoconstriction

Question 11

FSH

Answer 11

Gland: pituitary
Function: Stimulates egg development and oestrogen secretion / sperm production

Question 12

LH

Answer 12

Gland: pituitary
Function: Stimulates egg release / testosterone production

Question 13

ADH

Answer 13

Gland: pituitary
Function: Controls water content of the blood (osmoregulation)

Question 14

Insulin

Answer 14

• Gland: pancreas
• Function: lower blood glucose

Question 15

Glucagon

Answer 15

• Gland: pancreas
• Function: raise blood glucose

Question 16

Adrenaline

Answer 16

• Gland: adrenals
• Function: prepare body for physical activity

Question 17

Testosterone

Answer 17

• Gland: Testes
• Function: Controls male secondary sexual characteristics

Question 18

Oestrogen

Answer 18

• Gland: ovaries
• Function: Controls female secondary sexual characteristics & repairs uterus lining

Question 19

Progesterone

Answer 19

• Gland: ovaries
• Function: Completes the thickening of the uterus lining and stops other hormones from causing ovulation.

Question 20

Exocrine gland

Answer 20

• Secretes products through a tube (duct)

Question 21

Endocrine gland

Answer 21

• Secretes products (hormones) into blood vessels

Question 22

Accommodation

Answer 22

• Changes taking place in the eye to allow one to focus on objects at different distances

Question 23

Eye in bright light

Answer 23

• Circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax
• Make pupils smaller

Question 24

Eye in dim light

Answer 24

• Circular muscles relax and radial muscles contract
• Make pupils larger (dilate pupils)

Question 25

Focus on nearby objects

Answer 25

- Convex (rounded) lens - Ciliary muscles contract and suspensory ligaments slack

Question 26

Focus on distant objects

Answer 26

- Concave (flatter) lens - Ciliary muscles relax and suspensory ligaments tight

Question 27

Eye structure

Answer 27

- The eye is surrounded by the sclera, a tough white layer - The front of the eye (cornea) is transparent, it lets light into the eye and helps refract the light - The iris is coloured, surrounds the pupil, and is made up of two sets of muscles that control pupil diameter - Behind the pupil, the lens helps focus light on the retina - The inside of the eye has the choroid, a black layer and the retina that contains rods and cones which connect to the optic nerve