(2nd Term) Concurrent Exercise Training

Question 1

hypertrophy

Answer 1

Enlargement of muscle fibres.

Question 2

sarcopenia

Answer 2

Clinically low skeletal muscle strength.

Question 3

strength

Answer 3

The maximum amount of weight that can be lifted.

Question 4

endurance

Answer 4

Aerobic capacity–related performance ability.

Question 5

power

Answer 5

Force × velocity.

Question 6

concurrent exercise training (CT)

Answer 6

Combining strength and aerobic/endurance training within a periodised programme.

Question 7

Why might concurrent training be incorporated?

Answer 7

When both strength/power and endurance qualities are required (e.g., team sports, endurance athletes needing strength).

Question 8

Can muscular endurance and strength/power be improved simultaneously?

Answer 8

Yes, but improvements may be attenuated compared to focusing on one quality alone.

Question 9

What is the interference effect?

Answer 9

Reduced (attenuated) strength, power, or hypertrophy gains when strength and endurance training are combined.

Question 10

What does the acute hypothesis of interference suggest?

Answer 10

Residual fatigue from endurance training reduces strength training quality.

Question 11

What does the chronic hypothesis of interference suggest?

Answer 11

Competing molecular pathways impair adaptation.

Question 12

Which molecular pathways are involved in the chronic interference hypothesis?

Answer 12

AMPK (activated by endurance training)
mTORC1 (stimulates muscle hypertrophy)
Timing & Programming (Schumann et al., 2022)

Question 13

Why is timing important in concurrent training?

Answer 13

Explosive qualities rely on neural drive and high-velocity output, which are impaired by fatigue.

Question 14

What happens if endurance precedes or closely follows lifting?

Answer 14

Residual fatigue reduces “quality reps,” particularly affecting explosive strength.

Question 15

What programming strategy is recommended when power is a priority?

Answer 15

Separate sessions by ≥3 hours or perform on separate days.

Question 16

What happens when explosive strength training is performed in the same session (≤20 min gap)?

Answer 16

Significant attenuation of gains (SMD −0.31).

Question 17

How compatible are max strength and whole-muscle hypertrophy in concurrent training?

Answer 17

Largely compatible (SMD −0.06 and −0.01).

Question 18

How is explosive strength affected in concurrent training?

Answer 18

Small negative effect overall (SMD −0.28), worse in same-session setups (SMD −0.31).

Question 19

How is fibre hypertrophy affected in concurrent training?

Answer 19

Small overall attenuation (SMD −0.23).

Question 20

Which fibres show greater attenuation when endurance is running-based?

Answer 20

Type I fibres (SMD −0.81).

Question 21

Does strength training improve endurance performance?

Answer 21

Yes.

Question 22

What endurance improvements were observed after strength training?

Answer 22

Improved short-duration endurance

Improved long-duration endurance

~7% improvement in 5-minute maximal cycling test

Question 23

What mechanisms may explain endurance improvements from strength training?

Answer 23

Reduced %MVC per stride

Improved movement economy

Increased musculotendinous stiffness

Applied Evidence

Question 24

What were the effects of adding strength + HIIT in soccer preseason?

Answer 24

Improved jump

Improved sprint (10 m −0.11 s)

Improved Yo-Yo IR (+298 m)

Question 25

What are the effects of concurrent training in adults aged 50+?

Answer 25

Strength ↑ (SMD 0.74) Power ↑ (0.50) Endurance ↑ (0.48) vs control

Question 26

Which quality is most negatively affected by concurrent training?

Answer 26

Explosive strength (especially same-session setups).

Question 27

Are maximal strength and hypertrophy significantly compromised in concurrent training?

Answer 27

No, they are largely compatible.