5/23

Question 1

cause of transposition of the great vessels

Answer 1

linear rather than spiral development of articulopulmonary septum in utero

–> anterior aorta connected to RV, and posterior pulm artery connected to LV

Question 2

orotic aciduria enzyme defect

Answer 2

uridine 5-monophosphate (UMP) synthase

Question 3

orotic aciduria symptoms

Answer 3

megaloblastic anemia
physical and mental retardation
FTT

Question 4

which supplement can help orotic aciduria

Answer 4

uridine

Question 5

pringle maneuver

Answer 5

occluding portal triad to distinguish source of RUQ bleeding

if hepatic bleeding persists–> IVC or hepatic veins

Question 6

Is red neuron irreversible or reversible injury

Answer 6

irreversible- no nissl, pyknosis of nuclei, shrinkage of cell body, eosinophilic cytoplasm

Question 7

changes in neurons with normal aging

Answer 7

progressive neuronal atrophy- loss of neurons, gliosis

Question 8

different types and functions of histones

Answer 8

H2A, H2B, H3, H4- DNA wrapped around 8 core histones (2 of each)

H1- on outside- packages nucleosomes into more compact structures

Question 9

perfusion-limited

Answer 9

normal resting conditions
PE- severe

tracheal O2 and alveolar O2 are the same
low alveolar pCO2

Question 10

diffusion-limited respiration

Answer 10

emphysema
pulmonary fibrosis
exercise

alveolar CO2 greater than alveolar O2

Question 11

gallstone ileus

Answer 11

large gallstone erodes into intestinal lumen via fistula –> bowel obstruction

air in the biliary tract

Question 12

cells that do antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Answer 12

neutrophils
macrophages
NK cells
eosinophils

Question 13

how do stritctures and fistulas form in crohn’s?

Answer 13

transmural inflammation

—> edema and fibrosis –> strictures

–> inflamm and necrosis –> ulcers –> fistulas

Question 14

where do anal fissures mostly occur

Answer 14

posterior midline of anal verge (decreased blood flow)

Question 15

why is primaquine added

Answer 15

to get p ovale and vivax in liver (hypnozoites)- prevent relapses

Question 16

which anemia has a positive acidified glycerol lysis test?

Answer 16

hereditary spherocytosis

spherocytes have increased fragility due to decreased surface area to volume ratio, so they lyse when in hypotonic saline

Question 17

adult women develop what sequlae from rubella

Answer 17

polyarthritis, polyarthalgia

Question 18

besides high fluid intake, high what can decrease calcium oxalate stones

Answer 18

citrate- binds free calcium

Question 19

which serological marker is most indicative of vertical transmission of hepatitis B?

Answer 19

HBeAg

Question 20

which enzyme converts NE to E?

Answer 20

PNMT in adrenal medulla

Question 21

cricothyrotomy incision passes through what

Answer 21

superficial cervical fascia
pretracheal fascia
cricothyroid membrane

Question 22

left atrial appendage susceptible to

Answer 22

thrombi formation

Question 23

osteoblastic mets

Answer 23

prostate
small cell lung cancer
hodgkin lymphoma

Question 24

osteoclastic mets

Answer 24

multiple myeloma
non-small cell lung cancer
non-hodgkin lymphoma
RCC
melanoma

Question 25

what should be monitored after evacuation of hyadtidiform moles

Answer 25

HCG

Question 26

adverse effects of mannitol

Answer 26

severe- pulm edema HA, N/V hypernatremia

Question 27

most common location of injury in thoracic aorta?

Answer 27

aortic isthmus (right after arch)

Question 28

rifiximin MOA in hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 28

nonabsorbable antibiotic that alters GI flora to decrease intestinal production and absorption of ammonia

Question 29

metaplasia in lungs from smoking

Answer 29

from columnar to squamous

Question 30

relative risk formula

Answer 30

a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)

Question 31

odds ratio formula

Answer 31

ad/bc

Question 32

which factor helps coronary blood flow autoregulation

Answer 32

NO and adenosine

Question 33

C1INH deficiency

Answer 33

no C1 inhibitor--> constituive cleave of C2 and C4 and no blocking kininogen--> bradykinin --> bradykinin-associated angioedema