5/31

Question 1

inducers of IgE independent vs IgE dependent mast cell degranulation

Answer 1

independent: meds- opioids, radiocontrast agents, some antibiotics – (activate PKA and PI3)
dependent: environmental exposures, some meds (beta lactams, sulfa)

Question 2

where are central vs peripheral chemoreceptors located

Answer 2

central- medulla

peripheral- carotid and aortic bodies

Question 3

how do you diagnose mucor

Answer 3

mucosa biopsy

Question 4

which cholesterol drug leads to hypertriglyceridemia

Answer 4

bile acid-binding resisns- cholestyramine, colesevalam, colestipol

Question 5

which part of spine does RA affect?

Answer 5

cervical spine

Question 6

livedo reticularis a sign of…

Answer 6

sign of embolism

Question 7

which part of brain has nuclei to control pupil dilation?

Answer 7

midbrain

Question 8

where is the greatest colonization of H pylori

Answer 8

antrum of stomach (prepyloric)

Question 9

what is increased in COPD

Answer 9

FRC and RV

emphysema specifically- pulm compliance and TLC

Question 10

peripheral neuropathy mechanisms in diabetes

Answer 10

1. non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins –> increased thickness and hyalinzation and narrowing of arterial walls –> ischemia
2. hyperglycemia –> glucose converted to sorbitol and fructose by aldolase reductase –> water influx –> osmotic damage to axons and Schwann cells

Question 11

when is GTP synthesized in Krebs cycle

Answer 11

succinyl CoA –> succinate

Question 12

ivabradine MOA

Answer 12

slows heart rate by inhibiting funny current sodium channels –> prolong slow phase 4 depolarization

has no effect on contractility or relaxation

Question 13

common adverse effect using fibrinolytics in MI

Answer 13

hemorrhage (GI, intracerebral)

Question 14

where do intimal tears happen in Stanford type A dissection versus type B?

Answer 14

A- ascending aorta- sinotubular junction

B- descending aorta- near left subclavian artery

Question 15

staph epidermidis virulence mechanism

Answer 15

biofilm

Question 16

which type of ovarian cancer associated with CA-125

Answer 16

epithelial

Question 17

which type of ALL can cause mediatinal compression (SVC syndrome and dysphagia)

Answer 17

T cell type

Question 18

posterior urethral valves

Answer 18

presents with bilateral hydronephrosis and calyceal dilatation due to obstruction

only in male (wolffian duct malformation)

Question 19

what diseases are clubbing associated with?

Answer 19

lung: lung cancer, TB, CF, bronchiectasis, pulm HTN, empyema, …

Heart: cyanotic congenital heart diseases (esp. Tetralogy), bacterial endocarditis

IBD, malabsorption

hyperthyroidism

Question 20

parvovirus b19 presentation in adults

Answer 20

arthritis (PIP, metacarpals, knee, ankles)

Question 21

absolute contraindications to OCPs

Answer 21

• pregnant
• women over 35 who smoke
• liver disease
• estrogen-dep tumor
• hypertriglyceridemia
• prior thromboembolic event

Question 22

infiltration of plasma cells in bm, think…

Answer 22

multiple myeloma

Question 23

whats a poor prognosis factor for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer 23

adult onset

Question 24

are there normal arteriopulm blood gases in obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

lipofuscin is a product of...

Answer 25

lipid peroxidation and free radicals

Question 26

alkoptonuria blocks which process

Answer 26

tyrosine metabolism to fumarate in TCA homogentistic acid dioxygenase

Question 27

Zollinger-Ellison symptoms

Answer 27

(gastrinoma) --> peptic ulcers (beyond duodenum) --> abdominal pain/reflux --> diarrhea