5/8

Question 1

caterpillar cells

Answer 1

in aschoff bodies during myocarditis of acute Rhemuatic fever (most likely way dying)

Question 2

bacterial endocarditis signs/symptoms

Answer 2

FROM JANE

Fever
Roth spots- hemorrhage in the retina
Osler nodes- painful
Murmur

Janeway lesions- microthrombi
Anemia
Nail bed hemorrhage
Emboli

Question 3

bacteria that cause endocarditis

Answer 3

S aureus- high virulence- large veg
Strep viridans- low virulence- small veg

S epidermidis- prosthetic valves
S bovis- colon cancer

culture negative- HACEK (haemophilus, aggregatibacter, coxiella, eiknella, kingella)

Question 4

dilated cardiomyopathy causes

Answer 4

Alcohol
Beriberi (wet)
Coxsackie myocarditis
cocaine
chagas
doxorubicin

Question 5

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes

Answer 5

aut dom sarcomere mutatio in beta myosin heavy chain

Question 6

HOCM histo

Answer 6

myofibrillar disarray and fibrosis

Question 7

restrictive cardiomyopathy causes

Answer 7

sarcoid
amyloidosis
endocardial fibroelastosis (young kids)
Loffler sydrome- fibrosis with eosinophilic infiltrate

Question 8

restrictive cardiomyopathy on EKG

Answer 8

low voltage- low amplitudes

Question 9

cardiac tamponade findings

Answer 9

electrical alternans

pulsus paradoxus- systolic Bp decreas on inspiration

Beck triad- hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds

Question 10

causes of hyaline vs hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

Answer 10

hyaline- benign HTN, diabetes

hyperplastic- malignant HTN

Question 11

osteocytes connected to each other through…

Answer 11

gap junctions

Question 12

which fungus can survive intracellularly (inside macrophages)?

Answer 12

histoplasma

Question 13

pancreatic iselt amyloid formation in DM1 or 2?

Answer 13

DM2

Question 14

which monosaccharide metabolized the fastest?

Answer 14

fructose (bypasses PFK-1)

Question 15

azole MOA

Answer 15

inhibit ergosterol synthesis

inhibit cyp p450

Question 16

Meniere disease triad

Answer 16

tinnitus

vertigo

sensorineural hearing loss

Question 17

methylphenidate MOA

Answer 17

increase NE and DA release and inhibit reuptake

Question 18

hospice requirement

Answer 18

prognosis <6 months

Question 19

which chamber is most posterior in the heart

Answer 19

left atrium

Question 20

splitting as a defense mechanism

Answer 20

seeing others as all good or all bad

Question 21

which vitamin deficiency from isoniazid?

Answer 21

vit 6- pyroxidine

chemically similar so compete in NT synthesis –> less NTs–> peripheral neuropathy

Question 22

which cells stain for GFAP

Answer 22

glial origin: astrocytomas, ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas

Question 23

which cells stain for synaptophysin

Answer 23

neurons
neuroendocrine
neuroectodermal

Question 24

protein M functions in step pyogenes

Answer 24

inhibits phagocytosis and complement

mediates adherence

Question 25

enhancer sequences

Answer 25

Bind activator proteins that bend DNA to interact with transcription factors to increase rate of txn can be located downstream or upstream or within gene

Question 26

diphenoxylate MOA

Answer 26

antidiarrheal drug that binds mu opiate receptors in gut to slow motility

Question 27

leptin functions

Answer 27

decrease food intake- - decrease Neuropeptide Y, appetite stimulant - stimulate POMC --> alphaMSH--> inhibit food intake

Question 28

what differentiates absolute versus relative polycythemia?

Answer 28

absolute- increased RBC mass relative- normal RBC mass

Question 29

AV fistula has what effects on cardiac forces?

Answer 29

increased CO decreased TPR increased sympathetics Increased VR

Question 30

where do physicians access the saphenous vein for a graft?

Answer 30

medial leg or femoral triangle in upper thigh

Question 31

what indicates a severe mitral regurgitation?

Answer 31

left sided S3 gallop

Question 32

if ST elevation is in lateral leads (I, aVL), which artery has the occlusion?

Answer 32

left circumflex artery

Question 33

if ST elevation in inferior leads (II,III,aVF), which artery has occlusion?

Answer 33

right coronary artery

Question 34

which leads are occluded in proximal vs distal left anterior descending artery?

Answer 34

proximal- V1-V4 distal- V3-V4

Question 35

subclavian steal syndrome

Answer 35

stenosis of subclavian artery (from atherosclerosis, takayasu....) causes reversal of flow of vertebral artery away from carotid symtpms: arm ischemia (fatigue, pain, tingle), vertebrobasilar insufficiency (dizzy, vertigo)

Question 36

most common GI abnormality in Down's syndrome

Answer 36

duodenal atresia

Question 37

total peripheral resistance formula when in parallel

Answer 37

1/TPR = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 dont forget to invert the total!

Question 38

Etoposide MOA

Answer 38

topo II inhibitor

Question 39

do patients have a right to refuse medical info?

Answer 39

yes ya dummy

Question 40

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 40

decreased ADAMTS13 level --> uncleaved vWF --> platelet trapping and activation Hemolytic anemia with schistocytes thrombocytopenia

Question 41

damage to dorsal pons can cause

Answer 41

internuclear opthalmoplegia

Question 42

prenatal screening of what detects neural tube defects?

Answer 42

AFP and AChE in amniotic fluid because if neuropore doesnt fuse, they can leak out

Question 43

standard deviation percentages in normal distribution

Answer 43

1- 68% 2- 95% 3- 99.7%

Question 44

benign vs malignant acanthosis nigricans associations

Answer 44

benign- insulin resistance malignant- neoplasms of GU or GI

Question 45

what type of medium is thayer martin?

Answer 45

selective

Question 46

eosinophils normally kill...

Answer 46

parasites (helminths)

Question 47

complications of varicose veins

Answer 47

``` painful thromboses stasis dermatitis skin ulcerations poor wound healing superficial infections ```

Question 48

serotonin syndrome symptoms

Answer 48

confusion, agitation tremor, hyperreflexia, clonus tachycardia, hypertension hyperthermia, diaphoresis

Question 49

what drug can help treat serotonin syndrome

Answer 49

cyproheptadine- serotinin rec antagonist

Question 50

corticosteroids effect on WBC count

Answer 50

decreased lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils increased neutrophils but have "demargination" from previously attached vessel walls (so cant help with infection because cant be recruited)

Question 51

what's a complication to CREST?

Answer 51

pulmonary hypertension

Question 52

vulvar lesions in 1,2,and 3 syphilis

Answer 52

1- chancre 2- conylamata lata 3- gumma