6.7

Question 1

What are the two parties of migration referred to by Heimler?

Answer 1

1) Home society
2) Receiving society

Question 2

Effects of migration on home societies

Answer 2

Men tended to be the ones leaving for jobs abroad, which meant that gender roles shifted with their absence as women held more household responsibilities. Sometimes, men would find a male “placeholder”, in which case gender roles generally remained the same or similar.
When men finished their season of working abroad, they’d either return home, in which case gender roles tended to resume as normal, or their families would join them in the foreign country. If the families migrated, gender roles tended to resume as normal, except with the women having a stronger voice than prior due the roles they took on during the husband’s absence.

Question 3

Effects of migration of receiving societies

Answer 3

-The creation of ethnic enclaves: geographical areas with high ethnic concentrations; these introduced foreign cultural influence through food, language, religion

Question 4

Examples of ethnic enclaves

Answer 4

• Chinese enclaves: esp. made cultural mark in regards to food
  *Southeast Asia: some Chinese held jobs in Dutch East Indies, where they had pretty good lives under colonial rule
  *Indochina: here they traded w/ the support of the French colonial government
  *Malaysia: the Chinese cultivated opium here, played a large role in the distribution of opium
  *Americas: California gold rush appealed to them. They’d mine gold, and became the most important railroad-building labor force, helping to construct the Trans-Continental Railroad
  *Peru and Cuba: they’d work within indentured servitude contracts on sugar plantation or work to build railroads or mine guano
• Indian enclaves
  *British Empire: indentured servitude prominent
  *Africa: Hindus brought the idea of Caste, but because it was of no profit they abandoned it. They did preserve some of their religious culture here through holding personal shrines to their gods, though.
  *Mauritius: they’d often work on sugar plantations here
  *Natal: they’d often work to build railroads here
  *Southeast Asia: Indians became a major labor force, originally through indentured servitude and later through the labor recruitment system called the Kangani system
  *Caribbean Islands: left imprint w/ percentage of population that can be seen in the modern day
• Irish enclaves
  *U.S.A.: Important labor for public canal building, and they tended to live together in tenements. They were disliked by Americans due to anti-immigrant sentiments and bc they were Roman Catholics (but their offspring assimilated into American culture more smoothly). They were attributed to the spread of Catholicism and a very strong labor union voice.
  *Americans embraced Irish music, dance, and St. Patrick’s day.

-Italian enclaves
*Found in U.S., and faced similar trials to Irish enclaves there.
*Argentina: Argentinian constitution encouraged European immigration, promised full civil rights. Argentinian Spanish ended up adopting some Italian words.

Question 5

Kangani System

Answer 5

Sent entire families to plantations to work in Burma, Ceylon, Malaya and more. This provided more freedom than obtaining labor as individual men through indentured servitude,

Question 6

Reasons for hating immigrants, and examples of anti-immigrant sentiments

Answer 6

1) they were willing to work for low wages.
This meant that they were in competition with Americans regarding the job market.

*U.S.A. anti-Chinese sentiment example:
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the first time Congress legally banned the immigration of a specific people group

*Australia anti-Chinese sentiment example:
- Chinese Immigration Act of 1855, which imposed quotas on the number of Chinese immigrants allowed. During the 1850s-1860s, the Chinese migrated to Australia for the gold rush.

*Australia general anti-immigrant sentiment:
- 1901: British Parliament passed law where no one who wasn’t British could immigrate to Australia, called the “White Australia” policy