7.4- Extinction

Question 1

Define biological diversity

Answer 1

the variety of living organisms in a particular habitat

Question 2

What are three forms of biodiversity

Answer 2

Ecosystem- variety of ecosystems on earth

Species- variety of species in a community

Genetic- variety of alleles in a population

Question 3

What are the two factors used to measure ecosystem health

Answer 3

Species richness
Species eveness

Question 4

What is species richness

Answer 4

The no. of different species in an area.
More species = richer

Question 5

Why can species richness be a misleading indicator of diversity?

Answer 5

does not take into account the number of individuals in each species.

Question 6

What is species evenness

Answer 6

relative abundance of species in an areas

similar abundance of species = greater species evenness

Question 7

What is the Simpson’s reciprocal index of diversity

Answer 7

D = 1-(Sum of (n/N)^2)

Question 8

Evaluate the value of D

Answer 8

Values near 1 = high biodiversity

Values near 0 = low levels of biodiversity

Question 9

What does change in index value over time suggest

Answer 9

an ecological disturbance within the community

Question 10

Five causes of the anthropogenic biodiversity crisis`

Answer 10

Overharvesting
Urbanisation
Habitat destruction
Pollution
Invasive species

Question 11

North Island giant moas

Answer 11

Large flightless birds native to NZ

within 200 years of polynesian arrival, the birds were hunted to extinction

Question 12

Caribbean Monk Seals

Answer 12

Extinct species of seal native to the caribbean

Hunted for oil and meat
prey overfished reducing seal numbers

Question 13

Tasmanian Tigers

Answer 13

Native to New Guinea, mainland australia and tasmania.

European settlers cleared land for farms, which resulted in habitat destruction.

Settlers hunted the thylacines and introduced competitive species and foreign dieases

Question 14

Mixed Dipterocarp forest in SE asia

Answer 14

dipterocarps are a family of trees that once formed a crucial part of a complex rainforest ecosystem that dominated Southeast Asia

rainforest lost to deforestation, agriculture and logging.

Question 15

Great Barrier Reef FNQ

Answer 15

2,300km on the coast.

healthy coral has a symbiotic relationship with algae:
- algae get protection and nutrients from coral
- coral get food and oxygen and colour from algae

rising sea temperatures adversely affect reef health

Question 16

Explain the effect of global warming on the GBF

Answer 16

large amounts of coral die almost immediately due to warmer waters.

algae produce a toxic chemical, so coral expel algae. This is coral bleaching as it leaves them white in colour

pollution, chemical runoff, overfishing etc also harm coral.

invasive species (crown of thorns starfish) destroy coral.

Question 17

Two examples of reliable biodiversity sources

Answer 17

IPBES- Intergovernmental Science policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services.

IUCN Red list- international union for conservation of nature

Question 18

IPBES

Answer 18

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
published reports in 2019 that provided guidance for policymakers

data sampled regularly to identify trends and update findings

reports are all made freely available via its website

Question 19

IUCN Red List

Answer 19

International Union for Conservation of Nature

continuously updated list of world’s threatened species (currently over40,000 species threatened withextinction)
assess species on a rating scale

each entry on the list is supported with the research papers used to make the assessment

Question 20

What is the trade off of using Citizen scientists?

Answer 20

they are untrained so data may not be valid,

however it increases data collection.

Question 21

What is the main cause of biodiversity loss

Answer 21

growth of global human population

Question 22

What possible causes of biodiversity loss are caused by humans

Answer 22

overexploitation of resources
urbanisation
deforestation
pollution
invasive species
pest species
disease

Question 23

What are the two types of conservation approaches

Answer 23

in situ vs ex situ

Question 24

Contrast in situ with Ex situ conservation

Answer 24

In situ
- conservation within their natural habitat
AD
- has all the resources
- large populations can be maintained
DISAD
- harder to maintain
- species close to extinction are hard to conserve
Example
- nature reserves
- rewilding

Ex situ
- not in their natural habitat
AD
- easier to control the habitat which can increase reproduction rates
DISAD
- does not prevent habitat destruction
- reintroduction is often not successful
- restricts gene pool, encouraging inbreeding.
Example
- zoo
=-botanical gardens
- seed banks

Question 25

Define Protected areas

Answer 25

IN SITU Defined geographical space that is managed and protected for the purposes of conservation. National parks are government-controlled, while nature reserves are on privately- or publicly-owned. land. Human access, land clearing and hunting are all tightly controlled or prohibited entirely.

Question 26

Define Rewilding

Answer 26

IN SITU Restoration of ecosystems to the point at which they can sustain themselves. Can be active or passive:- actively introduce species to the area that are similar to extinct species that once lived there and removing human features (e.g. roads)- passively allow succession to occur to restore the area

Question 27

Define Reclamation

Answer 27

IN SITU Reclaiming and restoration of areas that have been damaged by human activities Aim to restore previously existing ecosystems

Question 28

Describe captive breeding

Answer 28

EX SITU Captive breeding programmes in zoos can increase the number of individuals of a species. Need to ensure genetic diversity by using artificial insemination and swapping breeding adults between zoos. Captive breeding can also lead to the release of individuals back into the wild.

Question 29

Describe Botanical gardens

Answer 29

EX SITU Plant equivalent of zoos Use cuttings and seeds collected from the wild to establish a population of the endangered species in captivity. Captive population can be used for reintroduction into habitats where they have become rare.

Question 30

Describe seed banks

Answer 30

EX SITU A facility that conserves plant diversity by drying and storing seeds in a temperature-controlled environment. The seeds from an extinct plant species can be used to grow them again. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway contains seeds from almost 1 million plant species

Question 31

Describe tissue banks

Answer 31

EX SITU Frozen zoos that store genetic material from animals. Can store germplasm (reproductive cells/tissues) and stomatic tissues

Question 32

what does EDGE do

Answer 32

Evolutionary distinct and globally endangered. researches the needs of species

Question 33

What does evolutinoarily distinct mean

Answer 33

few close evolutionary relatives behaviour, appearance and dna are not represented elsewhere.

Question 34

What does globally endangered mean

Answer 34

IUCN red list used to provide threat levels

Question 35

What must a species be to prioritised by the EDGE programme?

Answer 35

both evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered