What is technology push?
Technology push is where products are redesigned by tthe manufacturer because of changes in materials or manufacturing methods which can improve the product, cut down costs or make production more efficient
- when research and development in new technology drives the development of products
What is market pull?
Market pull comes from the consumers wants and needs from a products, it’s what they are asking for
- a demand from the consumers for new and/or improved products
- a competing product launched from another manufacturer
- sometimes products are invited by producers because they believe it will make a market pull
What is product development?
The creation of products with new or different characteristics that offer new or additional benefit is for the consumer
- could involve modifying a new product
- or creating a new product completely to meet the customer pull
What is the product life cycle ?
The product life cycle describes 5e processes a product goes through to from the start to the beginning , the main 4 steps are:
- introduction - research,developing, launching of product
- growth - when sales increase at the fastest rate
- maturity- sales are at heights but are slowing down
- decline- when sales go down
How can you extend a product life cycle?
- advertising
- price reduction
- adding value, new feature
- exploring new markets, different countries
- new packaging
What are manufacturing process and what types are there?
Manufacturing process are the steps through from how raw materials get to the final product
- casting and moi.ding- putting hot liquid into a hollow case and letting it cool and mound into that shape
- joining -welding, gluing, adhesive , rivets, pin. Happens when a product can’t be manufactured as one pieces so has to be joined together
What is sustainability?
Sustainability is the avoidance of using all of natural materials to maintain ecological balance
What are the six Rs for sustainability?
- reduce- is it possible to reduce the amount of material used in the product?
- rethink- is there another way to solve the problem that is more environmentally friendly
- refusing - not accepting things that are bad for the environment eg, is plastic packaging needed
- recycle- are the materials easily recycled
- reuse - can the product be used for something else
- repair - can it be fixed, extend its life
What is one off production ?
High end, one off product made with a specification for one person
- high end, good quality
- expensive material and labour cost
- high level of design and manufacturing skills needed
- e.g a wedding dress
What is batch production ?
- a set amount of quantity of a product manufactured to order
- high level design and pattern among skills
- cost less then one of productions
- made to fit standard sizes
- for seasonal clothing / fashion trends / limited addition
What is mass production ?
Large quantities
24/7 production
Cheep things that a,ways needed
Socks newspaper
What are the properties of pure metals
- the materials are extracted by melting and smiting( 1000 degrees c) ore to obtain pure metal
- copper, strong ductile and malleable , good conductor for heat and electricity, joined by doodle ring makes saucepans, pipes and wiring
- gold , ductile ,maullble, resits corrosion, rare and valuable ,used for jewellery
Natural materials, fabric
- cotton , picked and spun from Cotten seed pod plants , soft and breathable used for suck and basic clothimg
- silk is obtained from cocoon of silk worm, light fine, storing and warm
Soft wood
Coniferous trees, grow in cold climates , Russia and Canada, grow in 20+ years , quite fast
-inexpensive, light in colour , widely avable because farmed and rewnenble
Pine and redwood
Hardwood
- deciduous trees
- tropical climates, south Europe, South America
- drop leaves in Summer
- slow growing 50 plus years
- harder and more durable
- mahogany and oak
Regenerated materials
- MDF and chipboard: These are derived from by-products of wood processing combined with glue. MDF is even density, inexpensive, rigid board widely used as substrate for veneered furniture. Chipboard has variable density and strength used for kitchen worktops and cupboard carcasses. Usually has laminated or veneered surface to enhance appearance and increase durability
- Cardboard is a cellulose based board made from combined wood pulp and recycled materials to create corrugated, laminated and other card types
Synthetic materials
- Kevlar – high strength material that is spun into ropes or fabric sheets used for clothing to protect users from cuts, abrasions and heat, military clothing such as bulletproof vests, sports equipment and shoes
- Nylon – also known as polyamide, a thermoplastic, silky material that is a cheaper, synthetic replacement for silk used in clothes, carpets, musical strings, pipes, and rope, or in solid form, in hair combs and mechanical parts
Composites (two or more materials combined by bonding)
- Brass – alloy made of copper and zinc, used for locks, doorknobs, musical instruments, etc.
- Carbon fibre – strong, light, reinforced polymer used for Formula One cars and high-end bicycles.
Synthetic Materials: Polymers - thermoplastics
- Low Density Polythene – plastic bags
* Polyester- textile often mixed with cotton
The design process
- Define the Problem
You can’t find a solution until you have a clear idea of what the problem is.
- Collect Information
Collect sketches, take photographs and gather data to start giving you inspiration.
- Brainstorm and Analyze Ideas
Begin to sketch, make, and study so you can start to understand how all the data and information you’ve collected may impact your design.
- Develop Solutions
Take your preliminary ideas and form multiple small-scale design solutions.
- Gather Feedback
Present your ideas to as many people as possible: friends, teachers, professionals, and any others you trust to give insightful comments.
- Improve
Reflect on all of your feedback and decide if or to what extent it should be incorporated. It is often helpful to take solutions back through the Design Process to refine and clarify them
What is ergonomics and anthropermetrics
Anthropometrics is the study of the sizes of people in relation to products. For example, chairs used in schools need to be suitable for the average size of pupils in the schools.
Ergonomics is the relationship between people and the products which they use. Anthropometric data is used to help design products to meet ergonomic needs. Ergonomics also considers the force a person can apply, for example when using a tin opener, or the pedals of a car.
Rapid prototyping
Rapid prototyping involves using a CNC machine to make a working model of a part directly from a CAD program. It can produce complicated 3D shapes, although the material used is often not what would be used in large-scale production. Rapid prototypes are normally used to evaluate a design, but they can be used for enclosures.
There are a range of different rapid-prototyping processes: typically they involve building up a product by depositing layer after layer of material. It often takes many hours, or even days, to produce a part. They are only suitable for making one-off products where cost is not an important factor.
