IB Bio HL > A2.2 Cell Structure > Flashcards

A2.2 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory of spontaneaous generation

A

Belief that organisms could randomly appear from non-living matter

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2
Q

Cell theory

A
  • smallest unit
  • only arise from preexisting
    all living things are made up of cells
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3
Q

Process of preparing wet mounts

A
  • sharp scalpel: cut square out of onion
  • tweezers: peel off thin inside layer
  • transfer thin layer on glass slide
  • pipette: add small drop of I2 = stain
  • start cover slip at 90deg. = gently lower = avoid bubbles
  • if bubbles= press w/pencil
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4
Q

Eyepiece garticule

A

Transparent ruler that is placed in eyyepiece lens to measure actual size

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5
Q

Light microspcope

A
  • inexpensive
  • magnifies up to 2000x
  • specimens can be dead/alive
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5
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance between two points at which they can still be distinguished

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5
Q

Stage Micrometer

A

small, calibrated ruler mounted on stage microscope: precise distnace measurement

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6
Q

units of measurement

A

metre= 1x10^0
centimetre= 1x10^-2
millimetre= 1x10^-3
micrometre= 1x10^-6 (the squiggly p)
nanometre = 10^9

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6
Q

Electron microscope

A
  • expensive
  • preperation of specimen is complex
  • magnifies up to 500 000x & high resolution
  • specimen has to be dead
  • allows very visible structures
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7
Q

total magnification

A

ocular x objective

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8
Q

Cryogenic electron microscopy

A
  • specimen is frozen
  • image using computer enhancemnets (3D)
    ex: virus & protein structures
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8
Q

Freeze Fracture

A

preparing sample for electron microscopy
* specimen rapidly frozen
* physically broken apart = internal structure
ex: cell membrane

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9
Q

Fluroscene

A

cells are stained with special dyes that bind to cellular components
=> UV shone

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10
Q

Immunofluoroscene

A

Antibodies combined w/dye added to specimen
=> bind to their target (UV)

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11
Q

Functions of Life

A

MR Sheng
Metabolism, Respiration, Sensitivity, Homeostasis, Excretion, Noutrition, Growth

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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms that do not have proper nucleus enclosing their genetic material

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13
Q

Prokaryote contents

A
  • nucleoid region
  • ribosomes 70
  • capsule
  • plasmids
  • pilli
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
    *flagellum
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14
Q

Prokaryote Replication

A
  1. chromosome is replicated
  2. DNA copies move to opposite cell end
  3. cell elongates
  4. cell membrane grows inward = pinches off = two identical
  5. semi conservative replication
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15
Q

Eukarytotes

A

Organisms that contain a well defined nucleus and membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles

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16
Q

Eukaryote (animal) Content

A
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • vacuole
  • Ribosome 80s
  • cytoplams
  • mitochondrion
  • RER
  • golgi.
  • golgi- & vesicles
  • SER
  • cytoskeleton
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17
Q

Eukaryote (plant) Content

A
  • same animal
    +cell wall, choloroplast,
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18
Q

Eukaryote (fungal) Content

A

same animal
+Lysosomes, Peroxisome, centriole

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19
Q

All eukaryotes overlap

A
  • nucleus
  • vacuoles
  • mitochondria
  • plasma membrane
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20
Q

Only animal cells

A
  • cillia
  • Lysosomes
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21
Only fugal cells
* cell wall of chitin
22
only plant cell
* cell wall of cellulose * chloroplasts * plasmids in cholorplasts
23
anucleate
* red blood cell= more space o2 * sieve tube in phloem= little cytoplasm&few organisms= less flow resistance
24
multinucleate
* skeleton muscle = small fused myocytes * aseperate fungi= no septum
25
Paramecium
eukaryotic organisms that live in freshwater environments * heterotroph = eat other organisms * moves through cillia * cytoplasm = dissolved enzymes * growth until max SA:volume * contractile vacuole: homeostasis * asexual reproduction ## Footnote micro nutrients, cytoplasm, vacuole, membrane, gullet & food vacuole
26
Chlamydomonas
eukaryotic organisms that live in soil, freshwater, ocean, mountaintops * autotroph = photosynthesis * dissolved enzymes * light sensitive eyespot = move flagella * growth til max = split = reproduce * contractile vacuole ## Footnote eyespot, starch grains, chloroplasts, mitocondrion, flagellum
27
SA:V
* as cell grows: SA:V decreases * to increase: everything is made up of small cells * maintain transport rates
28
Luis pasteaur - chicken broth
disproved spontaneous generation non broken swan neck => clear, microbes from air trapped in curve broken => cloudy, microbes enter form air = multiply tilted => cloudy, microbes caame from curve of tube
29
Endosymbiosis
* mitochondria & chloroplasts = prokaryote size * double membrane; inner= eaten cell, outer= vesicle cell was talen into * have naked circular DNA like prokaryotes * divide by binary fission * susceptible to antibiotics affecting prokaryotes => proves another cell engulfed = grew like that
30
cell aggregation
process by which cells come together to fomr a group cluster * group protection * differentiation over time
30
cell differentiation
turning on of genes necessary for function of specialised cell => normal cell splits, then gene expressed * grouped = tisue * organs are formed from multiple tissue * organs interact = organ system carry out life functions
31
Ribosome 70s
* in prokaryotes * smaller then euk * have small + big subunit * do protein synthesis
32
Ribosome 80's
* larger & higher mass * 2 subunits * euk. * protein synthesis * attached & free floating
33
capsule
* hydrated polysaccharide complex * covers outermost part of cell wall * keeps phagocytes from ingesting & destroying
34
nucleoid region
* prok. * DNA structure same as euk. * DNA packaged differently = supercoiled chrome. * genes grouped into operons = clusteres that switch on & off * plasmids * naked DNA
35
Pilli
* protein fillament * helps adhesion * helps transfer DNA
36
Flagellum
does locomotion
37
Plasmids
* small circular DNA * horizontal gene transfer
38
Plasma membrane
* seperates in- & exterior * controls what goes in & out of cell
38
cell wall
* made of peptoglycan = polymer from AA & sugar (prok.) * made of cellulose (plant)
39
nucleolus
* within nucleus * makes RNA = ribosomes
40
nucleus contents
* chromatin * DNA & protein
40
vacuole
helps maintain osmotic balance
40
vesicle
* small sac * transports & releases susbstances produced in cell * fuses with membrane
40
mitochondrion
* double membrane * converts glucose to ATP * has own DNA
41
nuclear envelop
* membrane of nucleus * has pores, double membrane * has nucleoplasm
41
RER
* produces extracellular proteins * stack of membrane flattened sacs
41
Golgi app.
* processes & packages proteins * released in golgi vesicles
41
cytoskeleton
* system of protein fibres * helps maintain structure
42
cytoplasm
* water based- jelly like fluid * site of metabolic reactions
43
centriole
* barrel shaped * helps organise microtubuli
44
cytoplasm (plant)
contains cytosol = maintains turgidy
45
chloroplasts
* double membrane * convert light energy -> chemical energy * plastid
46
SER
* makes phosphpolipids * produces sex chromosomes * detoxifies drug in liver * stores calcium ions * helps liver release glucose
47
Lysosomes
* spherical sacs; membrane * specialised vesicle * powerful hydrolytic digestive enzyme
48
cell wall (fungi)
made of chitin
49
unicellular
single celled => carry out all life processes within themselves
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