A4.1 Evolution & Speciation

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

the change in the heritable characteristics of a population

Question 2

Darwinian evolution

Answer 2

1. Overproduction
2. Variation
3. Natural Selection
4. Adaptation
5. Speciation

Question 3

Lamarckian evolution

Answer 3

1. use & overuse
2. inheritance of acquired characteristics
3. environmental influence

acquire traits whne they are alive

Question 4

evidence for evolution

Answer 4

1. selective breeding
2. homologous structures
3. analogous structures
   4.DNA/AA Sequences
4. Fossils

Question 5

analogous structure

Answer 5

wings of insect & birds

=> have same function but not common ancestor
=> have selection pressures for survival
=> Convergent evolution

Question 6

forms of reproductive isolation

prezygotic barriers

Answer 6

1. geographical
2. temporal
3. behavioral
4. mechanical (sexual organs)

Question 7

allopatric speciation

Answer 7

Evolution of one or more new species from an ancestral species due to a geographical barrier.

Chimpanzeees & Bonobos

Question 8

sympatric speciation

Answer 8

Evolution of one or more new species from an ancestral species while living in the same geographical area.

Question 9

adaptive radiation

Answer 9

evolution of the single ancesteral species into several species causing divergent evolution

Question 10

post zygotic barriers

Answer 10

• hybrid inviability (no survival)
• hybrid infertility (no gamete production)
• hybrid breakdown (no reproduction)
• after fertilisation

Question 11

polyploidy in plants

Answer 11

state when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes

can only reproduce if the have even number of chormosomes (no matter the number; 2n,4n,8n,16n)

Question 12

allelopathic plant

Answer 12

walnut tree juglone that inhibits the growth of many other plants

=> increases its own nutrients and resources

Question 13

barriers to hybridization

Answer 13

• geographical, temporal, behavioral isolation
• reproductive anatomy
• prevent interbreeding
• interspecifc hybrids are infertile (not mating within same species)
• new species can be formed by polyploidy = reproductive isolation

Question 14

tion

parsimony

Answer 14

the simplest observation is assumed true