accent and dialect Flashcards

Question

what does over prestige and under prestige mean?

Answer 1

over prestige - generally socially acknowledged as standard english 'correct' under prestige - non-standard varieties. Not usually accepted by everybody e.g. youth language

Answer 2

Teens who use non-standard forms of english, have different social 'norms' e.g. fighting, swearing, criminal activity, carry a weapon. This study is all about social groups, not necessarily age. Findings - The more non-standard they speak, the more likely they are to deviate from social 'norms' - Any criminals in the study all use non-standard forms - If they disapproved of criminality, they used non-standard less This suggests that language correlates to our social economic status and group

Answer 3

Criticising Labov for narrow categories (age, gender, social class) Eckert came up with the idea of social practice -She observed friendship groups in a school in detroit -She establishes two extremes - Jocks and Burnouts with a mix of social class -Jocks are actively engaged in and enjoying school life while burnouts are the opposite (rebellious) Findings - more non-standard english from burnouts - not social class/age just social practices - standard english and better english from jocks Both studies believe that a persons social group effects their language Criticisms - only looked at two groups - artificial / forced to go to school - change their language based on the situation

Answer 4

Peoples language depend on the context of the situation. We will code switch and accommodate. It's more about the social group that youre talking to rather than the main social group you identify with

Answer 5

everyone should use standard english and believe non-standard is devaluating english

Answer 6

you should embrace how you speak because language is fluid and creative

Answer 7

imperfect english

Answer 8

syntax - the order of words in a sentence morphology - the form of words e.g. 'youse' not you

Answer 9

add -s to some singular forms, I likes, You likes, similar to scouse dialect 'youse'

Answer 10

when a sentence or utterance contains more than one negative. The idea that two negatives make a positive

Answer 11

- 'them' used as a demonstrative by 97.7% of schools who took part - highest % of any dialect variation - national survey on dialect - also common in America

Answer 12

- "lessening or emphasising our regional accents... depending on the social situation" - labour leader using 'gotta' in order to impress and be one with the people = unintentional or intentional reaction

Answer 13

- People have different perceptions of a speaker according to the accent they heard them talk with - Howard Giles - Matched Guise approach - 1971 had british teenagers listen to an argument against the death penalty and are more likely to value the argument if delivered with a prestigious accent - 1975 - Giles had this approach when researching the perception of RP and Birmingham accent by two groups of 17 year olds

Answer 14

- We perceive people differently depending on their accent - Birmingham accent used as non-standard - Listened to dialogue with policeman and suspect - Some listened to suspect with significantly more guilty with a Birmingham accent

Answer 15

Teaches perception of students are heavily influenced by accent

Answer 16

- School setting - Teachers making judgements about intelligence, ability and personality based on accent

Answer 17

- It is the reduction of elimination of marked differences between dialects over a period of time - Normally caused by contact between dialects often because of migration, more people are socially mobile - Results in an overall reduction in the variation a diversity of features, accompanied by an increase in the similarities between 2 or more dialects in contact with each other - Paul Kerswill came up with the theory - More likely to see in big cities - Arguments against = diminishing diversity and potential loss of cultural identity among speakers of a specific dialect, moving towards a more national dialect.

Answer 18

individuals who share interests with others

Answer 19

the study of the relationship between language use and social factors

Answer 20

- The way people pronounce words - Looked at people dropping their 'h's - Also looked at the received pronunciation sounding words like 'good' - He found that ; the lower social class you are, the more likely you are to drop the 'h' , socially aspirational speakers dont use the correct sounds in words

Answer 21

convergence - reducing social differences divergence - deliberately emphasise the difference - class

Answer 22

- defined class as elaborated and restricted - elaborated = higher class - restricted = lower class - cant succeed if you use restricted code - middle class can use both while lower class cant

Answer 23

- The higher the class, the more likely to use standard forms - Higher class would use 'ng' - Class is a bigger factor than gender

Answer 24

- The 'r' sound after a vowel - Visited 3 stores in different classes - Sax, Macy's and Cline's - Found out that lower middle class were over prestiged and changed their voice - conscious

accent and dialect Flashcards

(49 cards)