language change Flashcards

Question

what is figurative correctness?

Answer 1

metonymy - a word is used because of its associations with an object idioms - sayings that dont make sense when literally interpreted cliche - overused idioms

Answer 2

the meaning of a word is determined by the situations in which its more used

Answer 3

regional dialects were more obvious in the olden days as people mixed far less

Answer 4

the first recorded instance of major phonological change social prestige is a powerful reason for language change - it became somewhat prestigious to speak with shortened vowels

Answer 5

- was the first person to make a serious study about it - attach the cause to the mass immigration to south east england after the plague - or the use of standardised middle class

Answer 6

changing language to become rp

Answer 7

to seem like 'one with the people'

Answer 8

the idea that accents can travel

Answer 9

mocking / faking an accent too much

Answer 10

'online communication has been thought of as a panacea to break down boundaries and barriers'

Answer 11

- this term describes the effect of london accents spreading through counties adjoining them along the Thames - estuary english is a mix of london and southern eastern

Answer 12

- found amongst young people - not limited to the w/c - preferred accent for commercial purpose - blending in

Answer 13

he believes there have been 'shifting boundaries between written and spoken discourse practices, and a rising prestige and status for spoken language'

Answer 14

he summarises 3 global views about regional accents the incorrectness view - all accents are incorrect compared to SE and RP the ugliness view - some accents dont sound nice with negative stereotypes and social connotations the impreciseness view - some accents are lazy

Answer 15

she uses a serious of metaphors to suggest peoples worries and fears about language change Damp Spoon syndrome Crumbling Castle View Infection Disease Assumption

Answer 16

- changing social climate - the industrial revolution saw increased urbanisation - the elementary education act of 1870 was passed, meaning all children ages between 5 and 12 must stay in education

Answer 17

follows the lack of 'you' and increased use of euphemisms

Answer 18

selection - e.g. lowths dictionary becomes the standard; moving away from linguistic chaos but why does he get to choose? codification - took the form of establishing rules of spelling and grammar; lowth lay down the descriptivist view elaboration - used in increasing range of prestigious roles implimentation - to control and maintain it e.g. the national curriculum

Answer 19

- John Johnson - Robert Lowth - Murray - Swift - Robert Greene

Answer 20

- Jean Aitchison - Dennis Freeman - Trudgill

Answer 21

- a perception that english is in an irreversable decline from a once great peak - this is a strange state for english to be in though, as literacy rates are higher than ever

Answer 22

- same ideas as greene - the blame for decline and the trigger for complaints is often laid at the door for young people, technology and immigration

Answer 23

- has a descriptivist view and criticises prescriptivism by stating that its based on 'false premises, and it is a waste of time : it does not work' - all it does is make writers insecure

Answer 24

- categories of attitudes towards language can be seen as : correct / incorrect pleasent / ugly socially acceptable / unacceptable morally acceptable / unacceptable appropriate in context / inappropriate useful / useless

Answer 25

speakers shift their speaking to its easiest form e.g. going to becomes gonna

Answer 26

speakers utilise the language which they found the most impressive and use it as social currency

Answer 27

groups of speakers will reflect new politics, ideologies, new places, situations, and objects in their language.

Answer 28

we know that semantic borrowing from neighbours is likely to occur - if a language moves continents, it is introduced to new neighbours

Answer 29

this theory suggests that language is always changing and adapts to the need of users. we change our language based on what we need e.g. lockdown 'language reflects the multidimensional nature of human experience'

Answer 30

said that errors occur at random within language, these then enter a standardisation process and become daily language. e.g. pwned was often a mistype of owned in online gaming and has now been coined as an adjective

Answer 31

based on the idea that language change can occur at a slow pace, creating the initial curve of the S and then increases its speed as it becomes more common and accepted in language. this can then slow down again once it is fully intergrated into language

Answer 32

she suggested that geographical distance cam have an effect on language change. a person close to the epicentre of language change will pick it up, compared as to someone further away.

Answer 33

she suggests that new languages are actually spread from large cities, to big towns, to smaller towns and often skip over small country dwellings. this is why 'thou' is used for 'you' in small parishes in yorkshire.

Answer 34

the process in which words introduced to replace an offensive word, over time becomes offensive themselves. e.g. mental retardation - tried to make it medical and with no offense - but we shortened it to make it offensive

Answer 35

- aims to keep the english language safe from perceived declining standards. - founded in 1972 by Joe Clifton - claims to be concerned about the education of children and believes teachers should be trained to spot certain errors in language usage.

Answer 36

in his book 'Linguistic Imperialism' he examines colonial and post colonial aimed at promoting english he shows that the rise of english was not accidental but has been carefully engineered he considered dialects a waste of the brains finite storage capacity when it should be filled with, above all else, english.

language change Flashcards

(60 cards)