Active Immunity

Question 1

What does Active Immunity mean?

Answer 1

Body produces its own antibodies

Question 2

What are the two types of Active Immunity?

Answer 2

1. Natural Active Immunity
2. Artificial Active Immunity

Question 3

What does Natural active immunity refer to?

Answer 3

When person catches the pathogen (naturally) and fights it off to produce the body’s own antibodies

Question 4

What are the terms for when the body first encounters a pathogen?

Answer 4

First Infection or Primary Infection

Question 5

What is the term for the second/third… time the body encounters a pathogen

Answer 5

Secondary/Tertiary… infection

Question 6

Describe the graph of antibody concentration in body during primary infection and secondary infection

Answer 6

• Antibodies appear after approximate 20 day delay for primary infection
• Secondary Infection produces many more antibodies than primary infection, and concentration of antibodies steeply increases few days after infection

Question 7

Explain why the graph is much steeper for antibody concentration during secondary infection than primary infection

Answer 7

Very steep line indicates rapid division of Memory B-cells into lots of plasma cells, producing lots of antibodies. No symptoms arise.

Question 8

What does Artificial Active Immunity refer to?

Answer 8

Pathogenic antigen is introduced into the body (artificially)

Question 9

What is vaccination?

Answer 9

Purposefully administering pathogenic antigens to induce an immune response and create memory cells which will help fight the real pathogen when encountered

Question 10

What are the 5 types of vaccination?

Answer 10

1. Live attenuated Vaccines
2. Inactivated or killed vaccines
3. Inactivated toxin of bacteria
4. Sub-units of bacteria or virus
5. mRNA/DNA vaccines

Question 11

Explain what a Live Attenuated vaccine is, and how good is it at creating memory cells?

Answer 11

• A weakened version of the pathogen is introduced into the body.
• It is still alive or partially functional
• Creates the most amount of Memory B-cells

Examples include: Measles, Rubella, Mumps, yellow fever, polio, etc.

Question 12

State which people cannot receive Live attenuated vaccines

Answer 12

• Immunocompromised individuals
• Babies
• Very old people
• Preganant women

Question 13

List which types vaccines can be accepted by all people

Answer 13

• Inactivated or killed vaccines
• Inactivated toxin of bacteria
• Sub-units of bacteria or viruses
• mRNA/DNA vaccines

Question 14

What is an inactivated or killed vaccines. and how good are they at producing memory b-cells

Answer 14

• Pathogen is killed or made non-fucntional before introduced to body
• Produces fewer memory cells than live attenuated vaccine

Examples include: Polio, rabies, etc.

Question 15

What is Inactivated toxin of Bacteria vaccine, and how good is it at producing memory cells?

Answer 15

• Bacterial toxin that is made non-fucntional (called toxoid) is introduced to body
• Produce fewer memory cells than live attenuated vaccine

Examples include: Diphtheria, tetanus, etc.

Question 16

What is a sub-unit of bacetria or virus vaccine, and how good is it at producing memory cells?

Answer 16

• Parts of pathogen (pathogenic antigen) only are introduced to body
• Produces fewer memory cells than live attenuated vaccine

Examples include: Hepatitis B, human papilomavrius, etc.

Question 17

What is a mRNA/DNA vaccine, and how good is it as producing memory cells?

Answer 17

• Section of DNA or mRNA that codes for pathogenic antigen is taken and introduced to body
• Human body cells use this strand to produce the pathogenic antigen ourselves
• Then we mount an immune response for the pathogenic antigens we created
• Produces the fewest amount of memory cells

Examples include: Covid-19

Question 18

What is a booster vaccine?

Answer 18

When the same vaccine is re-administered after a period of time to produce memory cells

Question 19

Why is a booster vaccine required?

Answer 19

Sometimes, memory B-cells can die over a long period of time, and thus a booster vaccine triggers another immune response increasing number of memory cells

Question 20

Describe graph of first vaccine vs booster vaccine in terms of antibody concentration

Answer 20

Antibody concentration is significantly higher after booster vaccine than it is after first vaccine