1
Q
Clotrimazole
A
Used for local treatment, intranasally
2
Q
Miconazole
A
Used as local treatment, as Shampoo, ointment, ear drops
3
Q
Ketoconazole
A
Can be used locally or systemically, but only locally in cats!!
Treatment for cushings syndrome
In 20% of the cases it induces vomiting
4
Q
Itraconazole
A
Used in case of meningitis and is less hepatotoxicity than ketoconazole
5
Q
Amlodipine
A
A drug used to treat hypertension in cats. It works by causing arterial vasodilation.
The drug is administered orally.
6
Q
Diltiazem
A
It is classified as an arrhythmic drug, which indicates its use in treating irregular heartbeats = arrhythmias.
7
Q
Theophylline
A
Bronchodilator, also has some anti-inflammatory effect and increase the strenght of the diaphragm contractions
8
Q
Theobromine
A
TOXIC !!
It is slowly metabolized and allows for a toxic amouint to accumulate in the system. The toxin is found in chocolate
9
Q
Azithromycin
A
Oral application, excellent absorption and distribution. Very good against gram+
10
Q
Clarithromycin
A
Oral application, excellent absorption and distribution. Very good against gram+
11
Q
Tylosin
A
Frequent resistance !
Oral administration
12
Q
Tylvalosin
A
Oral administration, a relative new drug.
Very good against fastidious organism and mycoplasma
13
Q
Tilmicosin
A
!! FORBIDDEN IN GOATS !!
This is the most toxic macrolide in horses, goats and humans.
Given to pigs orally.
Good against fastidious gram- and mycoplasma
14
Q
Tulathromycin
A
Injection drug in ruminants and pigs
Very good against fastidious organism and mycoplasma
15
Q
Long-term treatment of epilepsy, Phenobarbital
A
Wokrs in 60-90% of the cases, but in high doses causes sedation. Is metabolised by the liver, so causes hepatotoxicity.
Phenobarbital also produces Reactive oxygen species, which contributes to liver damage over time
16
Q
Long-term treatment of epilepsy, Potassium bromide
A
The liver does not metabolise it, so it is non-hepatotoxic.
TOXIC TO CATS !!
17
Q
Long-term treatment of epilepsy, Levetiracetam
A
Only slightly metabilised by the liver, so better option in liver patients.
Has a high dosage several times a day
18
Q
Long-term treatment of epilepsy, Imepitoin
A
Minimal side effects, and is as effective as phenobarbital
BUT is expensive
19
Q
Ketamine
A
A controlled drug due to it being a psychotropic drug.
20
Q
Tiletamine
A
Zoeltil injection
Not a controlled drug
21
Q
Atracurium
A
Mostly used in veterinary medicine, safe in liver and kidney diseases.
Has a Intermediate action.
Shows some signs of bradycardia, especially during surgical procedures such as ophthalmological and laparoscopy.
22
Q
Pancuronium
A
Causes slight tachycardia and hypertension.
Metabolism in the liver and excreted via urine
23
Q
Guaiphenesin
A
It is a derivative of xanthine that acts as an expectorant by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle tone, they enchances ciliary movements
24
Q
Halothane
A
Most potent drug
!! BANNED !! due to hepatotoxicity
25
Sevoflurane
Safe to use, but less potent
Short onset and quick awakening → less frequent excitation. NOT recommended in status epilepticus
26
Isoflurane
Less potent, irritating
Low hepatic metabolism
Shorter onset and awakening
It is a good anticonvulsant
27
Acetylsalicylic acid
used most for its anti-clotting effects in many pets, and is used off-label in cats, dogs, and small mammal.
28
Carprofen
COX-2 preferential
Used to treat pain and inflammation
Given as a tablet or injection to dogs and cats, but as an injection to cattle.
29
Flunixin meglumine
Given as an injection to swine, cattle, and horses.
Also exists as a pour-on for cattle and gel for internal use in horses. It has an endotoxic effect
30
Meloxicam
COX-2 preferential
Used in all species, especially for cats → long term
Exists in both tablet and suspension form It has an endotoxic effect
Used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever.
31
Metamizole sodium
Good analgesic and spasmolytic effect. Given as an injection in swine, cattle, horses and dogs.
In cats, it can give some side effects, like salivation
32
Firocoxib
Given to dogs as a tablet and to horses as an oral paste
33
Robenacoxib
Given as a tablet or injection in dogs and cats, it can be given for a longer term in cats
34
Mavacoxib
Has a long half-life
Best absorption on a full stomach!
Given to dogs in tablet form
35
polyvinylpyrrolidone
Iodine alone is not effective, but togehter in this complex it is very good as antiseptic.
They relase iodine over time
36
sodium hypochlorite
Commonly known as bleach
specifically used to treat pressure ulcers that are necrotic/dead tissue
37
Hydrogen peroxide
Although its effectiveness as an antiseptic is limited, hydrogen peroxide is increasingly used as a disinfectant in water treatment and food-processing facilities and for sterilising dental and surgical instruments, as well as anaesthetic equipment.
38
Acetic acid
Weak organic acid used for wound celaning, irrigation and otitis externa.
However, because of acetic acid's unpleasant odour, commercially available disinfectants are generally used instead
39
Fromaldehyde
It is a potent disinfectant, but works slowly and has some negative effects; irritating fumes and potential carcinogenic effects, which limits the usage of formaldehyde
40
Ethyl- and isopropyl-alcohol
They are the most widely used alcohols. Isopropanol is slightly more potent than ethanol because of its greater depression of surface tension. These alcohols can be used in concentrations of 30%–90% in aqueous solutions; best results are usually obtained with 70% ethanol or 40%–60% isopropanol applied for at least 1 minute
41
Acycloir
antiviral medication that only fights DNA viruses, especially good at fighting Herpesviruses.
Never to use systemiclly in cats as it is NEPHROTOXIC !!
Used Locally and topically as eye drops, eye ointment or cream. It can also be given PO or IV in humans and cats.
42
Ganciclovir
Mainly used on humans, but can be used for feline tracheitis, dermatitis and keratitis
Used IV
43
Famiclovir
Used in cats !! Treatment for feline herpesvirus, dermatitis and keratitis
44
Bronchodilators, **clenbuterol**
Less effective in companion animals, it is frequently used in horses.
45
Bronchodilators, **Slabutamol**
Can be administered orally or by inhalation; however, inhalation has a faster onset of action
45
Bronchodilators, **Terbutalin**
Less effective.
Can be administered SC, IV and inhalational. Used in feline asthma and organophosphate toxicosis
45
Bronchodilators, **Salmeterol**
The most selective drug, with the longest duration.
BUT it is also the most expensive!
45
Bronchodilators, **Xanthines**
They have a small therapeutic index!!
Given IV or PO
45
Bronchodilators, **Ipratropium**
Safe to use, does not cross the BBB
46
Antitussives **Codein**
Better bioavailability PO
Some side effects have been observed in cats, even though they are rare: Convulsion, sedation, constipation
47
Antitussives **Butorphanol**
Most effective, but it causes sedation as well
48
Antitussives **dextrometorphan**
Non addictive, non-analgesic and is also safe in cats.
Given PO
49
Expectorants, **Bromhexin**
Break up the mucus and enchances the ciliary movement, The ciliary are thin-hair like structures in the airway that help to move mucus out of the lungs
50
Mucolytics **Acetylcysteine**
Mainly break down disulfide bonds in the mucoproteins. This leads to the dissolution of viscous mucus. The drug has a reported unpleasant taste and odour
Given PO or by inhalation
51
Furosemide
The primary drug in heart failure !! Can cause hypokalaemia, hypotension in cats
52
Protamine
antagonist to heparin
53
Etamsylat
increasing the integrity of the capillary wall, meaning the strength and stability.
Etamsylate decreases the bleeding time, meaning it helps the blood clot faster. It has a large therapeutic index and is quite safe to use
Administration route: PO, IM, IV
54
Clopidogrel
It's a prodrug!
In animals, clopidrogel can sometimes cause loss of appetite or stomach problems, but they are usually mild and can be managed by feeding around the times it takes the medication.
55
Antiemetics, **Metoclopramide**
Given PO = Only about 50% of the drug is absorbed.
IM and IV are also possible
56
Antiemetics, **Ondansetron**
Especially effective when the nausea/vomiting is caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Ondansetron has excellent efficacy and a wide range of indications
57
Maropitant
Given Oral or SC,
PO to prevent motion sickness
58
Metoclopramide
It has both central and peripheral effects. The central effect acts on the brain to stimulate gastric motility, while the peripheral effect directly stimulates the muscles of the upper GI-tract, such as the cardia, stomach, pylorus, and duodenum. This will enhance their contraction and accelerate gastric emptying
59
Prucalopride
stimulates defecation in cats and dogs. The prucalopride effect is observed most prominently in the first hour after administration, suggesting that the prucalopride effect is a direct effect on the colon rather than on total gut transit time.
Prucalopride has not yet been marketed in the United States or elsewhere.
60
Mitoxantrone
Has no cardiomyopathy nor nephrotoxicity Recommended over doxorubicin !!
61
Magnesium sulfate
When administered orally or rectally, magnesium sulphate acts as a laxative, aiding in gastrointestinal evacuation in cases of constipation or impaction. Also knows as Epsom salt
62
Lactulose
Increases water concentration in the colon, it is metabolixed by bacteria.
Lactulose is poorly absorbed and retains water in the colon, this will create an osmotic effect, which will draw water into the colon. This will soften the stool and promote bowel movement, which will help to eliminate the ammonia from the body. Proper hydration is essential, not to be used when the animal is dehydrated !!
63
Liquid paraffin
Given PO
63
64
Activated charcoal
activated charcoal binds effectively to and trap toxins, such as enterotoxins and endotoxins.
This binding action makes it a valuable treatment for poisoning cases and managing conditions related to toxin absorption in the body
65
Loperamide
Loperamide decreases the motility and secretion in the GI tract.. The absorption is bad, and they only cross the BBB slightly The drug is not given to cats, as other options are available
66
Appetite stimulants, **Mirtazapine**
One of the best appetite stimulants!! Can be given to cats
67
Appetite stimulants, **B-vitamins**
They will increase the appetite, increase the blood cell production, and give some weight gain.
68
Ursodiol
Ursodeoxycholic acid, called ursodiol, is one of the bile acids produced by the Chinese black bear and has been used in the treatment of liver diseases for along time. Today, the ursodiol is produced in the laboratory and not extracted from bears
69
Sylimarin
Sylimarin has its origin from the milk thistle, which is a flower, and the seeds and roots have been used for several medical purposes for several years. Sylmarin is a mixture of three substances: Silychristine, silydianine, and silybinin (the most powerful). Sylimarin has been used to treat liver diseases in humans for a long time, and has recently been approved for veterinary use.
70
Choline, Methionin
They are lipotropic agents, meaning they help to prevent fat accumulation in the liver.
70
SAMe
***SAMe = S-adenozyl methionine***
It is a compound derived from methionine.
It needs ATP, which is the energy source of the cell to be synthesized.
71
Norgestomet
Potent hormone used in heifers and cows to induce and synchronize ovulation
Administration: Implant
71
Human chorionic gonadotrophin
Hormone produced in the human placenta.
Mimics the lutelizing hormone, inducing ovulation and can be used to test for cryptochiridism
72
Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, PMSG/eCG
Hormone produced in the pregnant mare.
It mimics the follicluar-stimulating hormone and is jused to induce ovarian follicular production
73
Flurogeston
Especially used in EWES to synchronize their heat cycle, which is useful for breeding purposes
Administration: Intravaginal sponge
74
Proligeston
Used for Oestrus control, treatment and prevention of false pregnancy, and for treatment and prevention of feline miliary dermatitis (miliary eczema)
Administration: SC
74
Altrenogest
Used for oestrus synchronization in mares and sows
Administration:
- Mares = PO, injection
- Sows = PO
It is absorbed through the skin ⭢ Cautions are advised when using this
method
74
Megosterol acetate
Used to suppress estrus in heifers.
It is BANNED in the EU.
The mechanism of action involves the formation of cysts, leading to elevated oestrogen levels
75
Aglepriston
It is a synthetic antiprogestin, particularly in dogs and cats, to terminate pregnancy and treat certain reproductive issues.
It works by blocking the effects of progesterone, a hormone crucial for maintaining pregnancy, and can also be used for other conditions like mammary hyperplasia, pyometra, and to induce parturition
76
Neomycin
Used alone or in combination with penicillin
Used for GI tract infections: E. coli or mastitis.
Administration: PO, topical
77
Gentamicin
Used alone or in combination with penicillin
Used for GI tract infections – E. coli or mastitis.
Administration: PO, topical, parenteral
Effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa|
78
Spectinomycin
Can be used alone or in combination with lincomycin
Used for GI tract infections
Is bacteriostatic against mycoplasma spp
Administration: PO, parenteral
78
Streptomycin
Used in combinations with penicillin.
For mastitis therapy
Resistance is quite frequent !!
78
Amikacin
One of the most active aminoglycosides, but slightly TOXIC
Administration: parenteral
Effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA
78
Tobramycin
Most active aminoglycosides, but TOXIC
Administration: topical, parenteral
Effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pharmacology Final
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
Study topics35
-
Active substances, other10
-
Active substances52
-
Active substances, antibiotics17
-
Mechanism of actions64
-
Indications42
-
Side effects/Toxicity40
-
AB spectrum11
-
Mode of action of bacterias11
-
Active substances, important information90
-
56. Use of antibacterial agents in companion animals16
-
57. Use of antibacterial agents in poultry9
-
57. Use of antibacterial agents in horses9
-
58. Use of antibacterial agents in ruminants8
-
59. Use of antibacterial agents in swine10
