Pharmacology Final > Indications > Flashcards

Indications Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

53.Polypeptide antibiotics, rifampicin

A

Bacitracin:
- Topically for the eye or ear

Polymyxin:
- Enteritis and mastitis caused by Gram negative bacteria and Otitis locally

Rifampicin:
- MRSA infections in companion animals
- R. Equi in horses as combination

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2
Q

55.Sulphonamides and diaminopyrimidines

A

FORBIDDEN TO USE IN DOBERMANS, due to the type 3 sensitivity

  • Urinary infections, UTI
  • Mastitis
  • Prostatitis
  • Eye treatment
  • Respiratory infections, kennel cough, as example
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3
Q

70.Antifungal agents

A

Allylamine:
- Broad spectrum !!
- Good against dermatophytes and yeasts

Clotrimazole: Broad spectrum
Miconazole: Broad spectrum
Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum, used in cushings syndrome
Itraconazole: meningitis

Inhibitor of fungal mitosis:
- Dermatophytes

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4
Q
  1. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, vasoactive agents
A

ACE inhibitors:
- Heart failure
- Hypertension
- Proteinuria

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists:
- Congestive heart failure
- Proteinuria

Amlodipine: Treat hypertension in cats
Diltiazem: Antiarrythmic

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5
Q

23.Immunosuppressive drugs

A

They are crucial in managing conditions where the immune system is overactivated or misdirected

  1. Autoimmune disease, such as lupus
  2. Hypersensitivity diseases, such as atopic dermatitis
  3. Transplantation
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6
Q

7.Central nervous system stimulants

A

Theophylline:
- Bronchodilator
- Dogs with congestive heart failure and fluid build up in the lungs.

Theobromine:
- TOXIC !!

Aminophylline:
- Bronchodilator
- Dogs with congestive heart failure and fluid build up in the lungs.

Doxapram:
- Stimulation of respiration in newborn animals
- Respiratory depression caused by CNS inhibitory drugs and poisons

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7
Q

49.Macrolides

A

Azithromycin Very good against gram+

Clarithromycin: Very good against gram+

Tylosin: Frequent resistance !

Tylvalosin: Relative new drug Very good against fastidious organism and mycoplasma

Tilmicosin: !! FORBIDDEN IN GOATS !! This is the most toxic macrolide in horses, goats and humans.
Given to pigs orally. Good against fastidious gram- and mycoplasma

Tulathromycin: Injection drug in ruminants and pigs
Very good against fastidious organism and mycoplasma

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8
Q

8.Neuroleptics (major tranquilizers)

A
  1. Calming and sedation of aggressive animals
  2. Premedication before general anaesthesia
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9
Q

9.Sedato-hypnotics, alpha-2 agonists

A

Xylazine: Sedative-analgesic drug with depressed motor activity. Low potency in swine. The analgesic effect is short !!

Detomidine: More potent than xylazine, licensed ONLY for equine use. Does NOT cause total loss of consciousness.

Medetomidine/Dexmedetomidine: Similar to xylazine, but seems more reliable and safer. Developed for cats and dogs

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10
Q

9.Sedato-hypnotics, alpha-2 antagonists

A

Antidote for alpha-2 agonists

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11
Q

9.Sedato-hypnotics, barbiturates

A
  • Sedation
  • Hypnotic and mild anxiolytic effect (=reducing anxiety and fear in animals)
  • Significant anticonvulsant effect
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12
Q

9.Sedato-hypnotics, benzodiazepines

A
  • Premedication and combination (with ketamine)
  • Muscle relaxation
  • Prevention and control of epilepsy
  • Sedation
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13
Q

52.Nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles

A

FORBIDDEN TO USE IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS

  • Gingivitis
  • Anal sacculitis
  • Giardiasis
  • Trichomonas
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14
Q

10.Anticonvulsants, antiepileptics

A

Long-term treatment: They are used regularly to prevent seizures over time, if:
1. If a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes = it’s called a status epilepticus
2. When multiple seizures occur within 3-6 months
3. When postictal (after seizure) symptoms occur for longer than 24 hours or 3 seizures
4. Confirmed lesions in the brain, or after a head injury

Management of status epilepticus: Emergency treatments for a severe, continuous seizure or a series of seizures without recovery between them, This will need immediate medical attention

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15
Q

11.Antidepressants, behaviour modifiers

A
  • Aggression
  • Depression
  • Separation anxiety
  • Feline urine spraying
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16
Q

15.Injectable Anaesthetics

A

Barbiturates:
❖ Induction
❖ General anaesthesia
❖ Epilepsy, pentobarbial IV
❖ Euthanasia

Propofol:
❖ Induction and maintain general anaesthesia
❖ Used as treatment for epileptic seizure, but this happens rarely

NMDA receptor antagonists:
❖ Anaesthesia
❖ Induction or maintenance
❖ Analgesia

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17
Q

13.Local anaesthetics

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A

1. Topical anaesthesia: to loose sensation by paralyzing the nerve endings. Used for conditions ulcers, painful disease and examinations

2. Local infiltration: Injecting small volumes of anaesthetic either SC or IM. Used for minor surgeries and dentistry

3. Perineural injection: Blocks the peripheral nerves. Used in density and minor surgeries on head, legs, hoofs

4. Intraarticular use: Used to diagnose lameness and for operations on joints

5. Intravenous anaesthesia:

6. Epidural and spinal block Spinal: - Spinal blocks are quick and strong for lower body surgeries
- Epidurals blocks are slower but can be used for longer pain relief.

  • The injection spot depends on the animal:

a. Epidural block: Needs a larger amount of drug, it takes more time to work, but can be given continuously.
Disadvantage: Might not block pain completely Used for obstetric operations and surgery of perineal region, anal region

b. Spinal block: Small amount of drug is needed, and it is a quick and strong block

Place of injections:
A. Horse, Cattle: First or second intercoccygeal spaces → Caudal anaesthesia Between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae

B. Dog, sheep, pig: At the lumbosacral space → Lumbar anaesthesia Between the sacral and first coccygeal vertebrae

18
Q

50.Lincomycins, pleuromutilins

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A

Lincomycin
Mainly used in food-producing animals
- Foot rot
- Wounds
- Mastitis
- Metritis

Clindamycin
Mainly used in companion animals
- Dermatitis
- Abscesses
- Oral cavity and sacculitis
- FORBIDDEN to give horses, rabbits and herbivore rodents !!!

Pleuromutillins
- Swine dysentery
- Proliferative endopathy
- Mycoplasma

19
Q

14.Neuromuscular blocking agents, smooth muscle relaxants

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A

Neuromuscular blocking agents
1. IV or systemic administration
❖ Surgical anaesthesia to obtain skeletal muscle relaxation
❖ Balanced anaesthesia to minimise anaesthetic use without compromising analgesia
❖ Assist with intubation
❖ Corneal or retinal surgeries
❖ Therapy of spastic orders

  1. Topical administration
    ❖ Mydriasis in birds and reptiles

Smooth muscle relaxants
- Enhances ciliary movement, which causes mucus secretion to increase
- Can be combined with antitussives

20
Q

62.Ectoparasiticides – organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids

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A

Diazinon:
- Fleas, ticks, lice, mites

Coumaphos:
- Varroosis of honey bees

Carbamates:
- Fleas, ticks

Pyrethroids:
- Ticks, mosquitos, flies

21
Q

16.inhalational anaesthetics

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A

General anaesthesia

22
Q

17.Parasympathomimetic and parasympatholytics

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A

Parasympathomimetic:
❖ GI tract smooth muscle contraction
❖ Bronchoconstriction
❖ contraction of bladder
❖ Sphincter relaxation

Parasympatholytics:
❖ Premedication before surgery
❖ Eye treatment
❖ Bronchodilation
❖ Used as an antidote for atropine
❖ Antidiarrheals

23
Q

48.phenicols

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A

Chloramphenicol
!! FORBIDDEN IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANMALS !! Causes irreversible bone marrow damage, pain at the injection site, and it’s not applicable in milk and egg producers

Florfenicol
Primarily used in food-producing animals, but not applicable to milk and egg producers.

Indications, food-producing animals:
- Mycoplasma
- Respiratory diseases
- E. coli of swine
- Foot disease

Indications for small animals:
- Eye infections
- Prostatitis
- Meningitis
- MRSA

24
Q

33.Pharmacology of the treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers

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A

1. Acid neutralisers, antacids
Work to neutralise stomach acid

2. Acid secretion inhibitors
a. H2 antagonists = Reduce acid production by blocking histamine receptors
b. Proton pump inhibitors = Potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion

3. Drugs increasing mucosal resistance:
a. Coating agents = Protect the ulcer site

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19.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
**Acetylsalicylic acid:** Anti-clotting effect, used off-label in cats and dogs **Carprofen:** Pain and inflammation **Flunixin meglumine:** Endotoxic effect **Meloxicam:** Endotoxic effect. Used to relieve pain, inflammation and fever **Metamizole sodium:** Analgesic and spasmolytic
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20.Glucocorticoids
1. Local treamtnet for skin conditions like atopic dermatitis 2. Asthma 3. Systemic treatment for inflammation 4. Systemic treatment for immunosuppression
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21.Antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists
**Antihistamines:** 1. Allergic diases: atopic dermatitics, flea allergy dermatitis 2. Astmha 3. Anaphylactic shock 4. Allergy problems during surgery, from morphine, acepromazine etc **Leukotriene receptor antagonists:** ❖ Feline asthma ❖ Allergic bronchitis ❖ RAO (Recurrent airway obstruction)
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27.Pharmacology of cardiac contractility: digitalis glycosides, phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Increasing the heart contractility
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22.JAK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies
**JAK inhibitors:** ❖ Crohn disease ❖ Rheumatoid arthritis ❖ Leukaemia ❖ Alopecia ❖ Atopic dermatitis ❖ Purities **Monoclonal antibodies:** ❖ Atopic dermatitis ❖ ONLY used in dogs !!
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72.Antiviral agents
**Acyclovir:** Herpesviruses **Ganciclovir:** Human antiviral drug, but can be used for feline trachetitis, dermatisi and kerastitis **Famiclovir:** Used in cats: feline herpesvirus, dermatitis, keratitis **Interferons:** Indications Questionable results ! ❖ FeLV ❖ Parvovirus ❖ Herpesvirus infections
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24. Bronchodilators, respiratory anti-inflammatory drugs
**Bronchodilators:** - Anaphylaxis - Allergic bronchitis - Asthma - Pulmonary oedema - Pneumonia - Pneumothorax - Tracheal collapse - Tracheal hypoplasia - Bronchitis **Respiratory anti-inflammatory drugs:** - Asthma - RAO = Recurrent Airway Obstruction
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61.Anthelmintics – tetrahydropyrimidines, salicylanilides, substituted phenols, clorsulon, emodepside, melarsomine, monepantel
**tetrahydropyrimidines:** - LARGE spectrum against GI nematodes - Horses tapeworm - No effect against migrating larvae **Salicylanilides and substituted phenols:** - In sheep and cattle against fasciolosis and flukes **Clorsulon:** - Liver fluke **Emodepside:** - GI nematodes - Roundworms - Hookworms - NOT TO USE IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS !! - Licensed for combinational usage of praziquantel in CATS for spot on and in dogs for oral application = Profender **Melarsomine:** - Heartworm adult and larvae **Monepantel:** - GI nematodes They are active against nematodes that are resistant to other drugs
33
65.Endectocidal compounds – macrocyclic lactones
- Hearthworm - Larvae - Microfilaria - Cestodes and trematodes are NOT sensitive
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29.Diuretics
**Osmotic diuretic:** - Life-threatening oedema - Acute renal failure - Oliguria - Anuria - Antifreezing-positioning - Glaucoma **Furosemide:** - MOST effective **Spironolactone:** - Mild
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60.Anthelmintics – benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles, isoquinoline derivatives
**Benzimidazoles:** - Roundworms - Tapeworms - Flukes (Triclabendazoles are NOT active against nematodes (Roundworms) and cestodes (tapeworms) **Imidazothiazoles:** - Broad spectrum against nematodes - Active against migrating larvae only - NO activity against eggs, flukes and gapeworms **Isoquinoline derivatives:** - Tapeworms - Very effective against mature and larval stages - Blood flukes - NO effect on nematodes and liver flukes - Dog fleas
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32.Emetic and antiemetic agents, prokinetic drugs
**Emetic:** - Ingestion of toxic agents - Ingestion of foreign bodies **Prokinetic drugs:** - Paralytic ileus - GI reflux - Delayed gastric emptying
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71.Antineoplastic agents
**1. Alkylating agents:** PO methronomic therapy, this is a treatment in which low doses of anticancer drugs are given on a continuous or frequent, regular schedule (such as daily or weekly), usually over a long time **2. Platinum compounds:** - Osteosarcoma - Carcinomas **3. Anthracyclines:** - Lymphoma - Leukaemia - Osteosarcoma - Hemangiosarcoma **4. Microtubule inhibitors:** ❖ Vincristine: Lymphomas, Sarcomas ❖ Vinblastine: Transitional cell carcinoma, Mastocytoma **5. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor:** - mast cell tumours
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45.Cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems
**Cephalosporins:** - Mastitis - Metritis - Dermatitis - Respiratory infections - Urinary tract infections - Meningitis - Preoperative and intraoperative prophylaxis - Osteomyelitis
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63. Ectoparasiticides – amitraz, fipronil, pyriprole, indoxacarb, neonicotinoids
**Amitraz:** Sheep dipping for ticks, mange mites and demodex **Fipronil:** Flea and ticks **Pyriprole:** Fleas and ticks, ONLY in dogs!! **Indoxacarb:** - Only active against fleas, as spot-on for cats and dogs **Neonicotinoids:** - Only active against fleas Neonicotinoids are banned in agriculture due to the extinction of honey bees, as they cause environmental toxicity. Put in the dangerous waste bin !!
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47.Tetracyclines
- Respiratory diseases - Foot diseases - UTI - Metritis - Mastitis - Lyme disease - Heartworm - Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle - Heartworm
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35.Pharmacology of liver protection
**Ursodoil:** - Chronic hepatic diseases - Biliary cirrhosis - Choleanigtis **Sylimarin:** - Poisoning from the “amanita phalloides” mushroom (also known as the death cap) - Acute and chronic liver failure - Fibrosis/cirrhosis - Hepatotoxic substances, such as anticonvulsants drug **Cholin:** - Hepatic lipidosis (=Excessive buildup of fat in the liver) - Optimize liver function **Methionin:** - Hepatic lipidosis (=Excessive buildup of fat in the liver) - Optimize liver function **SAMe:** - Liver disease - Detoxification in several types of poisinings - Cognitive dysfunction
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38.Pharmacology of drugs influencing reproductive functions: estrogens, androgens, prostaglandins
**Estrogens:** - UTI - PRevention of nidation (The implantation of the fertilized egg) - Suppression of lactation - Reproductive control **Androgens:** - Infertility - Libido - Enchance muscle development - Stimulate spermatogenesis **Prostaglandins:** - Estrus synchronisation - Induciton of parturation/abortion - Treatment for pyometra
Pharmacology Final
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