adolescence 2

Question 1

why does identity development accelerate in adolescence?

Answer 1

puberty provokes identity development, and advances in cognitive development allow greater self-reflection

Question 2

what is self-efficacy?

Answer 2

judgements about one’s ability to organise and execute actions to achieve desired outcomes

Question 3

what is self-esteem?

Answer 3

an individuals confidence in their own worth or abilities

Question 4

what is a self-concept?

Answer 4

a view of oneself developed through experiences and evaluations adopted from others

Question 5

what is self-evaluation?

Answer 5

emotionally balanced beliefs and judgements about one’s traits and characteristics

Question 6

what was James’ (1892) view of self-esteem?

Answer 6

high self-esteem results from good performance in personally important domains

Question 7

what evidence supports James’s 1892 theory?

Answer 7

empirical support at both individual and group levels (Harter)

Question 8

what was Cooley’s ‘looking-glass self’?

Answer 8

self-esteem is shaped by perceptions of how others view us

Question 9

what is the additive model of self-esteem?

Answer 9

self-esteem reflects a combination of personal achievements and perceived social evaluations

Question 10

how does self-concept change from childhood to adolescence?

Answer 10

it shifts from concrete to abstract self-descriptions

Question 11

how do standards for self-evaluation change with age?

Answer 11

from social comparisons to internalised standards

Question 12

how does self-concept structure change in adolescence?

Answer 12

becomes differentiated across multiple domains

Question 13

what is the final task of self-concept development?

Answer 13

integrating multiple selves into a unified self-concept

Question 14

what are actual and ideal selves?

Answer 14

the distinction between who one is and who one wants to be

Question 15

when is the actual-ideal self discrepancy greatest?

Answer 15

middle adolescence

Question 16

what are possible selves?

Answer 16

representations of what one might become, balancing ideal and feared selves

Question 17

what is meant by ‘true’ vs ‘fake’ selves?

Answer 17

adolescents may present different selves depending on the audience

Question 18

what is identity formation?

Answer 18

defining oneself through personal attributes and social rules

Question 19

how did Erikson differ from Freud?

Answer 19

he emphasised social and cultural influences on development

Question 20

what is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 20

eight lifespan stages, each involving a psychosocial crisis

Question 21

what is the adolescent crisis in Erikson’s theory?

Answer 21

identity vs role confusion

Question 22

how did Erikson define identity?

Answer 22

confidence in one’s inner continuity amid change

Question 23

what gender differences did Erikson propose?

Answer 23

men achieve identity before intimacy; women’s identity defined through intimate roles

Question 24

what is identity achievement?

Answer 24

commitment following a period of exploration

Question 25

what is moratorium?

Answer 25

active exploration without firm commitment

Question 26

what is foreclosure?

Answer 26

commitment without exploration, often adopting parental expectations

Question 27

what is identity diffusion?

Answer 27

lack of commitment and exploration

Question 28

does identity development end in adolescence?

Answer 28

no, continues well into adulthood

Question 29

how does parenting influence identity development?

Answer 29

attachment with autonomy promotes achievement or moratorium

Question 30

what parenting style is linked to foreclosure?

Answer 30

overly close bonds without separation

Question 31

what parenting style is linked to diffusion?

Answer 31

low warmth with open communication

Question 32

how do cultural and historical factors influence identity?

Answer 32

they contribute to late identity development and can alter developmental pathways

Question 33

how is self-concept related to wellbeing?

Answer 33

positive self-concept predicts better wellbeing and quality of life

Question 34

what problems are linked to poor self-concept?

Answer 34

adjustment difficulties, externalising and internalising problems

Question 35

how is self-concept related to emotional disorders?

Answer 35

negative self-concept is strongly associated with anxiety and depression

Question 36

how is self-concept reflected in diagnostic criteria?

Answer 36

worthlessness and guilt in depression; fear of negative evaluation in social anxiety

Question 37

why is positive self-concept protective?

Answer 37

increases resilience to stress

Question 38

how do socially anxious adolescents view themselves?

Answer 38

see peer relationships as more negative and view themselves as less attractive, athletic and emotionally stable

Question 39

what measures were used in Delgado et al (2013)?

Answer 39

SPAI for social anxiety and SDQ-II for self-concept

Question 40

how does depression affect self-perception?

Answer 40

depressed adolescents view themselves more negatively and less positively

Question 41

how effective are self-perception measures at identifying depression?

Answer 41

they are as effective as symptom questionnaires

Question 42

does adolescent self-image predict later depression?

Answer 42

yes, poor self-image can predict later depression

Question 43

how is self-concept linked to psychosis?

Answer 43

negative self-beliefs are linked to chronic psychosis

Question 44

how does self-concept relate to psychosis risk in adolescence?

Answer 44

declining self-concept increases risk of psychotic experiences

Question 45

what happens when self-concept improves?

Answer 45

risk of psychotic experiences decreases

Question 46

are there gender differences in self-concept?

Answer 46

yes, females report more negative self-concepts than males

Question 47

why are gender differences in self-concept important?

Answer 47

they may help explain higher rates of mental health problems in females