what do the ‘first 100 days’ cover?
conception to birth (270 days), year 1-2 (265 days), year 2-3 (365 days)
why is the first 100 days important in public policy?
it’s frequently targeted for interventions due to its critical impact on development
how do early postnatal experiences with adversity affect infants?
they influence future stress reactivity and increase risk of atypical brain development (Shonkoff et al 2012)
are early adversity effects adaptive or maladaptive?
adaptive short-term but maladaptive long-term (Rogosch et al 2011)
how developed are an infants neurons at birth?
infants are born with many neurons e.g. mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (Abitz et al 2007)
why can infant crying be challenging for caregivers?
crying is ambiguous and frustrating ; parents may feel mixed emotions including love, disappointment, anger (Kempe 1971)
what did Barr (2014) find about infant shaking incidents?
crying often triggers shaking : 63% of cases involved crying as a stimulus, 55% repeated shaking because it stopped the crying
what did Rovee-Collier’s mobile kicking study show?
2-6 month olds kick more when their movement moves a mobile, demonstrating contingency learning
how long do infants remember contingencies?
2 months old : 1-3 days, 6 months old : 2 weeks
what does contingencies length in memories tell us about infants?
even young infants act, observe and learn
what did Cirelli et al (2016) find in the musical bouncing study?
14 month olds align movement with musical rhythms, synchrony fosters social connection and cooperation
how do younger infants engage in synchrony?
through ‘serve and return’ interactions and perception of patterns
takeaway about infant behaiour
babies aren’t just reacting, they actively align with environment
what did Baillargeon’s drawbridge study show?
4-6 month olds stare longer when a solid object appears to disappear, indicating a VOE
what does VOE reveal about infants?
they form mental models and notice when the world violates expectations
what is an example of environmental adaptation in infants?
Gavorah Cradling (Karasick et al 2023) in Central Asia, infants cradled 2-24 hours a day
by age 5 how did the GC kids compare with US peers?
comparable in movement : shows equifinality, different paths can lead to the same developmental outcome
what principle do the GC infants demonstrate?
developing children are responsive to their environment and can reach similar outcomes via different experiences
how many neurons do infants have at birth compared to when they are older?
11.2 million when little and 6.43 when older
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prenatal development25
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infancy19
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perceptual development41
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motor development63
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arithmetic development48
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language acquisition 139
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language acquisition 239
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nature and nurture of language development35
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family influences on development39
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new families39
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nature and nurture interplay36
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lifespan perspectives on anxiety63
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Differential Susceptibility & Developmental Outcomes61
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moral development56
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bullying 140
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bullying 253
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adolescence 146
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adolescence 247
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emerging adulthood and beyond46
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older age47
