How is empathy displayed at 1-2 years and 10-12 years
At 1-2 years old children can display responses where they feel the same emotion as the other person however they lack the ability to consistently correctly identify an individuals emotion and to know what actions will improve it as well as often the ability to perform those actions
At 10-12 years individuals will know that not everyone will have the same reaction to a situation as them and that and how to respond to others emotions correctly (may not do it but know how to usually?)
1-2 and 10-12 are considered to be the major milestones regarding empathy
1-2 can place self in emotion of other so 2 are feeling the emotion
10-12, you can be one step from the 2 experiencing the emotion as you can figure out how to potentially get the one to quit experiencing the emotion (you can identify the emotion that the person is feeling and the corrrect response to it so instead of just copying it)
Describe the pervious experiments related to moral and emotinal decision making in individuals diagnosed with psychopathy
Was done before the revision when psychopathy and sociopathy were their own categories-so the individuals who were diagnosed with psychopathy in the experiement might have their diagnosis change if tested now. Found that individuals diagnosed with psychopathy had less activation in their amygdala when making moral and emotional decisions.
What happened to the classifications of psychopathy and sociopathy in the DSMV 5?
now there is anti-social personality disorder as the umbrella term and psychopathy is a severe varient of it
Describe the experiment that examined 4 areas of the brain related to moral and emotional decision making in individuals diagnosed with psychopathy
- Amygdala - associated with fear response, emotional activation that is spread throughout the brain, and emotional decision making (so all relatedto emotions, fear response, emotional decision making and emotional activation spread throughout the brain)
- Posterior cingulate cortex is related to episodic memory. Activation of the cingulate indicates that the individual is drawing on their own personal experiences to try to better understand aspects of the moral decision making
- medial pre frontal cortex - associated with recognizing traits in others
- Angular gyrus - perspectives we can take on what a persons internal mental and emotional state is) based on signs from their physical (observable) behavior
What are the 4 categories measured from in a psychopathy diagnosis
- Interpersonal- includes being outwardly manipulative, inconsiderate of others feelings and pathological lying
- Affective - a lack of remorse for behavior
- Lifestyle - tend to take advantage of others (get things from them without giving in return), be impulsive and simulation seeking
- Antisocial - refers to aspects of poor behavioural control ie crime or delinquency (makes sense refers to behavior that goes against society in the most sifnificant way(as to recieve a formal legal punishment for it)
Describe a study that examined activation in the medial pre frontal cortex, the amygdala, the cingulate cortex, and the angular gyrus
Found that when engaging in interpersonal aspects there was less activation in the medial pre frontal cortex, the amygdala, the cingulate cortex and the angular gyrus
so less activation in the amygdala (the area associated with spread emotional activation, emotional decision making, and fear responses)
the posterior cingulate - episodic memory being accessed to try to better understand someone elses situation when by likening it to aspects of ones we’ve experienced in order to guide our moral decision making
medial pre frontal cortex - associated with knowing the attributes of others
angular gyrus associated with examining different perspectives on what inner emotional and mental states an individuals behvior could signify
What percentage of innates were found to meet the diagnostic criteria for psychopathy in the study mentioned
25%
What types of arthritus can occur in middle adult hood
Lose some dexterity (ability to perform physical actions especially with hands)
may experience paralysis or weakness in hands
arthritus - this occurs when joints become inflammed and results in pain
rheumatoid arthritus - an autoimmune version of arthritus can result in painful deformities and pain throughout the entire body (makes sense its not based on use so it is not exclusive to one location)
rheumatoid - rh eu ma toid - rh (me) eu banned thing I’m allergic to - allergies simmilar to autoimmune disease in that immune system attacks the body, rheumatoid arthritus = autoimmune disease arthritus
causes the joints to change their positions/orientations making it so they can not be used - sometimes joint replacements are needed
osteoarthritus - inflammation caused by use of joints and not an autoimmune disease
o like outer cause - caused by outer use not an external autoimmune disease
What changes to height occur in middle adulthood
due to loss of vertebrae people will get shorter since women have twice the bone loss as men it makes sense that they lose 2x as much cm of height then men do (at their deaths women have usually lost 5 cm whereas men have usually lost 2.5 cm)
I’m a woman I like the number 5- unfortunately that is the number of cms of height I will lose. m seen as the other 1/2 of the wolrd 1/2 = portion of my height loss they will lose 5 x 1/2 - 2.5 men will ususally lose 2.5 cm of height)
By the early 30s peak bone denisty is achieved and after this it starts to decrease
What changes to muscle mass occur in middle adulthood
sarcopenia - s like strength, cop penia - like penalized will be penalized more harshly as you age into an adult (and penalization is done in an attempt to reduct a behavior in a pop) simmilar here strength is reduced except only in an individual and as they age into middle adulthood
by age 60 adults maximum level of strength will have on average decreased by 10%
sarcopenia refers to the gradual loss of muscle mass and strength. Strength is mainly lost at the back and legs. Obesity can be an increased risk factor for sarcopenia.
Do the ratings of satisfaction with self generally change from earlier periods of life to middle adulthood- if so how so
Satisfaction with self usually stays at simmilar levels, although body changes most individuals do not measure their worth primarily on their body however individuals that do are more likely to have a tough time during this period (includes highly athletic people and physically attractive people)
Women tend to be more criticized for aging - are more spoken about in harsh terms whereas men are more likely to be described as becoming attractively mature so this can also impact how self satisfaction might change with physical changes
What changes to the eyes occur during older adulthood
decrease in visual acuity, color vision and depth perception
visual accomodation - the ability to maintain and focus an image on the retina decreases at the highest rate between 40 to 59
accomodations involve focusing on how to help others so they don’t have maintain being in a state of avoiding being at the center- avoiding achievement (visual accomadation simmilarily involves focus and placing things in the center (of the retina- visual accomadation is related to our ability to focus and maintain images on the center of our eye (the retina))
if keep 420 might need a decrease of accomadations at least according to q - 4 as in 40 + nearly 20-(19) is the age in which visual accomadation decreases the most (40-59 is the age range in which visual accomadation decreases by the most significant ammount)
presbyopia - farsightedness (whatever word is before sightedness is the distance you can see, so you can see objects that are far away but not objects that are close up. Pres by opia-like present by op (opening) i (eye) so like close to the opening eye- presbyopia - farsightedness can not view objects that are close (to the opening of the eye). Can be fixed using bifocals, reading glasses, laser surgery and intraocular lens
is caused by a decrease in the elasticity of the lens
A decrease in the blood flow in the eyes from the 50s-60s also increases the size of the blind spot
ocd creates blind spots for cause in me 56 were two numbers associated with it 50-60 is the age range in hwich blind spot increases due to less blood flow in the eyes
during middle adulthood there is also a decrease in the sensitivity to low light - so driving when there is a glare becomes more difficult
Also takes longer for vision to adjust to changes in the light
20 x 3 =60 so makes sense that the decrease in the ammount of light that reaches the retina from 20 to 60 is x 3, we have 1/3 of the light that reached the retina of our eyes at 20 reach the retina of our eyes at 60
Describe the changes in hearing
prebycusis - refers to a decreased ability to hear sounds at a high pitch occurs in middle adulthood. We find that changes in the abillity to hear low pitches do not really occur. Prebycusis tends to begin at 40. Men typically have the decline in their hearing more quickly due to them being over represented in noisy occupations
occurs due to loss of cilia- the hairs in the ear that bend when sound is vibrated and send neural signals to the brain indicating that sound has occured
Issues with sound localization involves issues determining the direction and the origin of a sound can occur in individuals under the age of 40 but if its not pitch specific can be adapted to by asking people to speak up
pre by cusis (pre like before in graphs we have seen go from high to low for sound waves so pre before is high pitch) by cusis(cusis likeprecussion -makes sound- associated with sound) can break down the word pre by cu sis into 4 different mini words 4- liek 40, 40 is usualy when prebycusis occurs - 40 is usually when the decrease in the ability to hear high pitched noises occurs
What are muisquito anti-loitering alarms
play a pitch that is extremely high that is meant to be one that only people under 25 can hear to prevent them from gathering in a specific place
this idea is as annoying as a muisqito - who really cares that much
What tends to occur with sense of smell as we age
Our sense of smell reaches its peak at our 20s and starts declining afterwards
when I was 20 talked about jeremy fragrance - would have peak related to his abilities at this time (smell)
6 associated with the devil - sometimes taste for me is to so at this stge maybe it wont be devilish it’ll be freeing and lead to more satisfaction however I know thats not true bc I become salty if I don’t get enough sweet tastes- 60 ability for taste decreases associated with a decrease in life satisfaction and using more salt
In our 60s our sense of smell declines a lot - results in individuals being less able to taste food which can result in lower life satisfaction and explains why people tend to increase the ammount of salt that they use as they age
By our 80s our sense of smell has decreased by a very significant ammount - often to the point where individuals might struggle to smell dangerous stimuli ie smoke
80s its gone beyond affecting what we 8 like eat can risk our life makes sense average time of death - now we might not even be able to smell smoke
What tends to occur with our reaction times as we age
reaction times refers to how long it takes us to react to something. so a high reaction time means that it takes us a long time to react to something
reaction times increase in middle age
our reaction times at 60 tend to be 20% higher then they were at 20 (meaning we take our original reaction time + 20% of our original reaction time to react to stimulus compared to the original reaction time)
Although we take longer to react as we age this does not always resultin poorer performance of tasks that need coordination of many different skills ie driving. Although older drivings take longer to react to stimuli they have less accidents then younger drivers this is likely bc they have been able to better perfect each individual skill involved and bc they are more likely to be cautious
What types of excersise are reccomended for middle aged adults and what are some of the studies related to this
Aerobic and strength excersises and stretching are all recommended
found that 72 year old men who engaged in regular excersise had a 30% higher chance of living to be 90 then their sedentary counterparts
7+2 = the number of age that they were more likely to live to be if they did regualr excersise - get a one up from this a one _ the one = the tens point of the percentage of them living to 7+2 increased by (men aged 72 who exercised were foudn to be 30% more likely to live to be 90 then men who did not)
a study of 11,000 women found that level of non cariatric failure associated aerobic excersise predicted mortality (so if they did more of it more likely to live longer)
What health conditions decrease from age 45-65
allergies, infections, digestive issues (surprising I would think that the opposite would be true) and contractable respiratory diseases might be bc now have more immunity or if it is lifestyle based it would have onset earlier on
456 whats the median 5, like average on average from 45-65 autoimmune diseases, contractible respritory issues, allergies and infections all decrease (although it is average is 5 there are not 5 things)
How is the risk for chronic disorders impacted by age
the risk for chronic disorders gradually increases as individuals age
chronic disorders are rare in early adulthood become somewhat common in middle adulthood and become very common in late adulthood
main types of chronic disorders
arthritus
most common type is osteoarthritus (caused by a loss of cartilidge in the joints from their use and can be made worse by infections or injuries)
generally starts to occur after the age of 40
diabetes type 2
generally starts to occur at 50-60 years old
obesity is a risk factor
5-6 my ocd numbers and unfortunately diff compulsions might lead to me getting type 2 diabetes- on average people get type 2 diabetes from 50-60
hypertension (high blood pressure)
there are no signs (other then from measuring blood pressure) that it is there until a heart attack or stroke occurs - this is why it is called the silent killer
What are the 3 ways stress can impact physiological health
- directly impacting physiological states - ie causing for the level of cortisol to increase, blood pressure to increase or for the efficacy of the immune system to decrease
- Causing individuals to be more likely to engage in harmful behavior ie eating unhealthily, getting less sleep, using more caffeine, nicotine, alchol etc.
- Making individuals less likely to seek out medical advice or to listen to it if they do end up reaching a practitioner
Describe Osteoparosis
Results in a significant (more then is expected with aging) loss of bone tissue
Is more common in women then men and is the main cause of broken bones in women
(I remember an explanation for this partially being as representing the prevalance of eds which nearly all of these other then likely low levels of excersise could be associated with this ie low estrogen - fat cells release estrogen if there are less fat cells less estrogen and vitamin c and calcium obtained through food so makes sense)
risk factors for osteoporosis include low levels of calcium, low levels of vitamin D, low levels of exercise and decreases in estrogen
women are recommended to not smoke, to eat calcium rich foods and to exercise in order to decrease the risk of osteoporosis
women during menopause and perimenopause might be given estrogen in order to decrease their vulnerability to osteoporosis however this is not always recommended as it can increase the risk of breast cancer
Exercise causes more force to be exerted on the bones which causes them to adapt by creating more cells
Bones with osteoporosis have wider gaps between their cells which causes them to be more likely to break
Testosterone (minerals are often tested- mineral test- testosterone causes more minerals to go into the bones) causes more minerals to go into the bones (this partially explains why women are more likely to get osteoparosis and why both men and women become more likely to get it as their levels of testosterone decrease)
What happens with cholesterol as individuals age
As individuals age the level of cholestrol in their blood tends to increase
cholesterol from low density lipoproteins (l like loss bc are an L bad) is bad cholesterol bc it sticks to blood vessels which narrows arteries causing for them to become harder bc need more force to push the blood through (atherosclerosis)
at heros clear o sis (cite would be needed at for heros (if heros are needed need more force then regular people can do) to clear (oxygen through- carried in blood which is carried through veins and arteries) sis - athersclerosis refers to when the arteries which carry oxygen in the blood need more force to clear oxygen through them as low density lipoproteins cause blood cells to stick to them blocking them
high levels of cholestrol increase the risk of cardiac arrest, heart disease and strokes
What changes to blood pressure occur as an individual ages
women’s blood pressure raises a lot during menopause (men o pause - like men oh get a puase on blood pressure increase - stays stable whereas women do not due to menopause- their blood pressure increases to be higher then that of mens during menopause and it remains at this level afterwards) and after this tends to be higher then mens
How can chronic stress impact individuals
Can lead to metabolic syndrome
hi o- features to high blood pressure, insulin resistance and obesity which can lead individuals to get diabetes and cardiovascular disease which increase the risk of death
hi o (like someone being shady at first impression one thing that can cause ppl to do that is obesity which in turn if always worried abpout being judged could create crronic stress (however reverse of this relationship for metabolic syndrome)- some people explain this as occuring due to metabloic syndromes
metabolic syndrome caused by chronic stress can result in high blood pressure, insulin resistance and obesity
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Start of life part 362
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Start of life part 242
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Start of life part 129
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Introduction to developmental psychology part 321
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Introduction to developmental psychology part 215
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Introduction to developmental psychology part 111
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Infancy part 146
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Infancy part 245
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Adulthood29
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Adulthood part 238
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Late Adulthood Nov 2122
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Adulthood part 320
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Late adulthood nov 1717
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Late adulthood nov 1919
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Late adulthood november 2423
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Death and Dying part one39
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Death and dying part three26
